Table 2.
Various proteins and peptides that enhanced resistance to a broad range of pathogens in different plant species.
| Proteins | Source | Plants | Disease | Pathogen | Application | Defense responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HrpN [82] | Erwinia amylovora | Tobacco | Botrytis cinerea | Spray, Transgenic | SAR pathway, promote plant growth, resistance-related genes expression, SA-dependent and JA/ET-dependent defense pathways, enhance superoxide production | |
| Hpa1 [68], [69], [70], [71] | Xanthomonas oryzae | Rice, Pinellia ternata | Bacterial blight, Rice blast, Sheath blight, Tobacco mosaic disease | Xanthomonas oryzae, Magnaporthe grisea, Thanatephorus cucumeris, Tobacco mosaic virus | Seed soak, Spray | Promote plant growth, hydrogen peroxide signal transduction, induce an increase in defense-related enzyme activity, increase the expression of disease resistance-related genes, increase the content of hydrogen peroxide, phenolics, and callose, reduce the content of malondialdehyde |
| PevD1 [73], [74] | Verticillium dahlia | Tobacco, Cotton | Verticillium wilt, Tobacco mosaic disease | Botrytis cinerea, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, Tobacco mosaic virus | Leaf injection | Hypersensitive response (HR), hydrogen peroxide production, extracellular-medium alkalization, callose deposition, phenolics metabolism, and lignin synthesis, cause necrotic lesions, induce SAR; trigger innate immunity and to result in the up-regulation of pathogen-related genes, metabolite deposition, cell wall modifications, JA signaling and Ca2+-responsive pathways |
| PEL1 [75] | Verticillium dahlia | Tobacco, Cotton | Botrytis cinerea, Verticillium dahlia | Leaf syringe-infiltration | Cell death, accumulation of ROS, defense-related genes expression, callose deposition | |
| Hrip1 [77], [83] | Magnaporthe oryzae, Alternaria tenuissima | Rice, Tobacco | Rice blast, Tobacco mosaic disease | Magnaporthe oryzae, Tobacco mosaic virus | Spray, Leaf infiltration | Hydrogen peroxide production, callose deposition, alkalization of the extracellular medium, activation of SA signaling pathway, the gibberellin (GA) pathway, promote plant growth, enhance systemic resistance, hypersensitive response, NO production, SAR pathway, defense-related genes expression |
| HpaXpm [84] | Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis HNHK | Tobacco | Tobacco mosaic disease | Tobacco mosaic virus | Leaf injection, Foliar spray | Hypersensitive response, NPR1 gene expression, promote plant growth |
| PopW [85] | Ralstonia solanacearum | Tobacco | Tobacco mosaic disease | Tobacco mosaic virus | Spray | Hypersensitive response, SAR, induce expression of PR genes, H2O2 burst, activity of defense-related enzymes, increase tobacco yield, improve tobacco foliar quality |
| ELR [79] | Solanum microdontum | Potato | Potato late blight | Phytophthora infestans, oomycete plant pathogens | Transgenic | |
| Cryptogein [78], [81] | Phytophthora cryptogea | Tobacco | Phytophthora parasitica | Leaf infiltration | Hypersensitive response, SAR, ROS and NO production, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, cell death, lipid peroxidation and LOX gene transcription, cell wall modifications | |
| BcGs1 [47] | Botrytis cinerea | Tobacco, Tomato | Tobacco mosaic disease, Gray mold | Tobacco mosaic virus, Botrytis cinerea | Injection | Induce hypersensitive response, up-regulation the PR genes, prosystemin elicitor |
| Gp-1 [86] | Streptomyces | Tobacco | Tobacco mosaic disease | Tobacco mosaic virus | Leaf spray | Induce HR, PCD, H2O2 and Ca2+, induce elevated NO levels, stomatal closure, accumulation of callose, activation of defense-related genes |
| GhGLP2 [87] | Wheat cell wall | Gossypium hirsutum L. | Verticillium wilt, Fusarium wilt | Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum. | Root drench | Induce PDF and PR genes expression, up-regulation the antioxidant enzyme. callose deposition, lignin formation |
| PLCP [88] | Papaya cell | Citrus | Citrus yellow shoot | Liberbacter asianticum jagoueix | Leaf spray | Activate the expression of SA related genes, induce PR genes expression, cell death, conduct MAPK signaling, activation the G-protein coupled receptors |
| GhLecRK-2 [89] | Fungal cell wall | Cotton | Verticillium wilt | Verticillium dahliae | Spray, Add to the bacterial solution | Activate WRKY gene |
| Pep13 [90] | Phytophtora sojae | Potato, parsley | late blight disease | Phytophtora infestans | Cell treatment | Function as a PAMP for the activation of innate defense reactions, expression of defense-related genes, |
| flg22 [91] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris |
Tomato, tobacco, potato, | Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 | Cell treatment, Spray | Induce a visible alkalinization, oxidative burst, elicit necrotic or hypersensitive response, Induction of ethylene biosynthesis | |
| CAPE1 [92] | Tomato | Tomato, Arabidopsis | Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 | Spray | Induce H2O2 formation; induce the expression of genes involved in the stress response, defense response, innate immune response, bacterial defense, and systemic acquired resistance | |
| LTP4 [93] | Grapevine cell suspension | Grapevine | Botrytis cinerea | Leaf infiltration | ||
| Zea mays immune signaling peptide 1 (Zip1) [94] | Maize | Maize | Ustilago maydis | Leaves soaking | SA accumulation, expression of defense genes, | |
| Phytosulfokines (PSKs) [95] | Solanum lycopersicum | Tomato | Botrytis cinerea | Spray | Promote the binding between calmodulins (CaMs) and the auxin biosynthetic YUCCAs (YUCs), increase cytosolic [Ca2 + ] facilitate the auxin accumulation | |
| SAMP [96] | Australian finger lime | Citrus | Huanglongbing | Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus | Pneumatic trunk injection, spray | Induce the expression of defense response genes, promote plant growth |