Table I.
Maternal and child characteristics and demographics
| Characteristics | Total N | Values |
|---|---|---|
| Child sex, n (%) | 356 | |
| Male | 177 (49.7) | |
| Female | 179 (50.3) | |
| Child race, n (%) | 340 | |
| Caucasian | 255 (75.7) | |
| Asian | 18 (5.3) | |
| Black | 18 (5.3) | |
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 1 (0.3) | |
| Multiple races | 45 (13.4) | |
| SES, n (%) | 324 | |
| Low | 15 (4.6) | |
| Medium | 121 (37.3) | |
| High | 188 (58.0) | |
| Child age, mo, mean ± SE | 356 | 24.1 (0.03) |
| Delivery mode, n (%) | 355 | |
| Cesarean | 83 (23.4) | |
| Vaginal | 272 (76.6) | |
| Feeding mode at 3-moa, n (%) | 348 | |
| Exclusively breastfed | 238 (68.4) | |
| Mixed feeding | 61 (17.5) | |
| Exclusively formula-fed | 49 (14.1) | |
| Child WFLZ* | ||
| Birth weight category, n (%) | 349 | |
| Underweight | 36 (10.3) | |
| Normal weight | 299 (85.7) | |
| Overweight | 14 (4.0) | |
| 24-month weight category, n (%) | 333 | |
| Underweight | 12 (3.6) | |
| Normal weight | 254 (76.3) | |
| Overweight | 67 (20.1) | |
| Maternal prepregnancy weight status, n (%) | 343 | |
| Normal weight | 168(49.0) | |
| Overweight | 85 (24.8) | |
| Obese | 90 (26.2) | |
| Standardized EF scores†, mean (SE) | 356 | |
| Overall EF | 47.2 (1.7) | |
| Inhibitory self-control | 45.1 (1.5) | |
| Cognitive flexibility | 44.1 (1.5) | |
| Working memory | 47.8 (1.8) | |
| Raw EF scores‡, mean (SE) | 356 | |
| Overall EF | 91.3 (1.0) | |
| Inhibitory self-control | 38.4 (0.4) | |
| Cognitive flexibility | 29.3 (0.3) | |
| Working memory | 38.8 (0.5) |
*
WFLZ characterized by weight category using the following World Health Organization standard cutoffs: <−2.0, underweight; −2.0 to <2.0, normal weight; ≥2.0 to <3.0, overweight; ≥3.0, obese.
†
Data are average percentile scores standardized for sex and age (SE). Lower than 50th percentile indicates reporting fewer problems related to EF relative to the BRIEF-P standard population mean.
‡
Data are average raw scores (SE) used in analyses.