| Andersen et al [82]; Norway |
Two-arm cluster-randomized controlled trial; 3-4 y; 116 (I: 67 and C: 49); 89.66% |
Teacher led; Facebook group |
Premeetings (1 h) and follow-up meetings (1 h) in each ECECc institution, Start-up seminar (6 h) and 2 follow-up courses (3+3 h) with all the staff members, Ongoing planning and collective reflections practice in the ECEC institutions (weekly regular), Facebook group (4 mo) An equipment package.
|
4 mo |
Maintain usual routines |
PAd and SBe
|
| Delisle Nyström et al [60]; Sweden |
Two-arm parallel randomized controlled trial; mean 4.5 y (SD 2 mo); 315 (I: 156 and C: 159); 83.49% |
Parent supported; mHealthf app |
A smartphone app is available to parents for 6 mo, which contains 12 healthy behavior change–related themes, with a new theme being released every 2 wk (6 mo for parents involved into mHealth intervention with researchers’ support and instruction). There is no support, and parents are free to use the apps for the next 6 mo with follow-up.
|
6+6-mo follow-up without support |
The control group received a basic pamphlet on dietary and PA behaviors. |
PA and SB |
| Nyström et al [61]; Sweden |
Two-arm parallel randomized controlled trial; mean 4.5 y (SD 2 mo); 315 (I: 156 and C: 159); 89.2% |
Parent supported; mHealth app |
A smartphone app is available to parents for 6 mo, which contains 12 healthy behavior change–related themes, with a new theme being released every 2 wk (6 mo for parents involved into mHealth intervention with researchers’ support and instruction). There is no support, and parents are free to use the apps for the next 6 mo with follow-up.
|
6 mo |
The control group received a basic pamphlet on dietary and PA behaviors. |
PA and SB |
| Haines et al [76]; United States |
Two-arm randomized controlled trial; 2-5 y; 121 (I: 62 and C: 59); 94.21% |
Parent supported; telephone call and texting |
Motivational coaching by a health educator during 4 home visits and 4 health coaching telephone calls Mailed educational materials and incentives. Weekly texting on adoption of household routines
|
6 mo (monthly coaching calls and text messages twice weekly) |
The control group received 4 monthly mailed packages that included educational materials. |
SB and sleep |
| Ling et al [80]; United States |
Two-group experimental study with randomization procedure; 3-5 y; 73 (I: 41 and C: 32); 94.52% |
Parent supported; Facebook group |
The caregiver Facebook-based program aimed to (a) offer health information, engage in family fun activities, and provide behavioral change strategies and tips. (b) it encouraged interactive positive communication among caregivers, fostering peer support. Caregivers were instructed to gradually increase their weekly step count by 500, with the goal of becoming positive role models for their preschoolers. Three face-to-face caregiver meetings were provided. The center-based preschooler program has been conducted. Preschoolers received 10-wk healthy eating and PAe participatory learning and fun games codelivered by teachers and interventionists 4 d per wk. (total 40 d) at their attended Head Start center. The session duration was 30 min per d. The child’s weekly letter to the caregiver was privately sent through Facebook Messenger. Caregivers were encouraged to engage in discussions with their preschooler about the letter over the weekend and share their thoughts and plans in response to the letter within the Facebook private group.
|
10 wk |
Maintain usual routines |
PA and SB |
| Downing et al [79]; Australia |
Two-arm pilot randomized controlled trial; 2-4 y; 57 (I: 30 and C: 27); 92.98% |
Parent supported; text message |
A one-on-one discussion with each participant individually, either in person or over the phone, to set their goals for the program. Two goals were set around reducing their child’s SB, one is a screen time goal and another is an overall SB goal. Three personalized, interactive text messages (ie, the main mode of intervention delivery) per week were sent to parents for 6 wk (19 texts in total). The standard text messages included 2 behavioral messages with practical ideas and suggestions for limiting and displacing their child’s screen and sitting time, active play ideas, and monitoring and encouraging achievement of individual goals.
|
6 wk |
Waitlist control |
SB |
| Yoong et al [81]; Australia |
Two-arm pilot randomized controlled trial; 3-6 y; 76 (I: 38 and C: 38); 48.68% |
Parent supported; Web-based video, telephone call, and text messages |
Web-based video: education prerecorded videos were sent to parents. The content targeted brief information about sleep benefits and targeted behaviors to implement sleep practices. Telephone call: approximately 2-4 wk after the video link was emailed, a trained psychologist provides parents support to implement the messages in the video. Text messages: 2 text messages were sent approximately 1 wk after the phone call. Text messages were tailored to parent’s engagement with the intervention and were aimed at encouraging parents to access the video and persist with implementing any new routines that had been put in place.
|
3 mo |
Waitlist control |
PA and sleep |
| Hoffman et al [83]; United States |
Two-arm cluster-randomized controlled trial; 3-5 y; 58 (I: 27 and C: 31); 98.28% |
Teacher led; study website |
Teachers were trained by receiving an email about a WE PLAY website link, and the training was self-paced over a 4-wk period. Training activities were designed to be completed in five steps: (1) complete the web-based training, (2) view the video library, (3) read the game sheets and select games, (4) lead a structured and unstructured active play session and complete the teacher self-assessments, and (5) complete the supervisor support component (ie, observations, performance feedback, and teacher recognition)
|
4 wk |
No other instructions related to PA |
PA |
| Marsh et al [84]; New Zealand |
Two-arm randomized controlled trial; 2-4 y; 54 (I: 27 and C: 27); 98.15% |
Parent supported; study website |
Parent-child dyads participated in a half-day, face-to-face workshop at the University of Auckland. The workshop is designed to introduce the program framework and provide a blueprint for parents to develop healthy lifestyle behaviors among children. After the workshop, all participants were given access to a study website, which provided all the workshop content, for a period of 6 wk.
|
6 wk |
Waitlist control |
SB and sleep |
| Marsh et al [84]; New Zealand |
Two-arm randomized controlled trial; 2-4 y; 54 (I: 27 and C: 27); 98.15% |
Parent supported; study website |
Parent-child dyads participated in a half-day, face-to-face workshop at the University of Auckland. The workshop is designed to introduce the program framework and provide a blueprint for parents to develop healthy lifestyle behaviors among children. After the workshop, all participants were given access to a study website, which provided all the workshop content, for a period of 6 wk.
|
12 wk |
Waitlist control |
SB and sleep |
| Barkin et al [77]; United States |
Two-arm randomized controlled trial; 3-5 y; 610 (I: 304 and C: 306); 75.74% |
Parent supported; telephone call |
A 12-wk intensive phase with weekly 90-min skills-building sessions via either in-person groups or telephone calls, A 9-mo maintenance phase with monthly coaching telephone calls. A 24-mo sustainability phase providing frequent cues to action (eg, texts, personalized letters, and monthly calls) to use parks and recreation programing for healthy family behaviors
|
12 mo (12-wk with 90 min per wk skills-building session via phone call and 9-mo weekly telephone call) |
School-readiness program |
PA and SB |
| Barkin et al [77]; United States |
Two-arm randomized controlled trial; 3-5 y; 610 (I: 304 and C: 306); 75.74% |
Parent supported; telephone call |
A 12-wk intensive phase with weekly 90-min skills-building sessions via either in-person groups or telephone calls, A 9-mo maintenance phase with monthly coaching telephone calls. A 24-mo sustainability phase providing frequent cues to action (eg, texts, personalized letters, and monthly calls) to use parks and recreation programing for healthy family behaviors
|
24 mo |
School-readiness program |
PA and SB |
| Barkin et al [77]; United States |
Two-arm randomized controlled trial; 3-5 y; 610 (I: 304 and C: 306); 75.74% |
Parent supported; telephone call |
A 12-wk intensive phase with weekly 90-min skills-building sessions via either in-person groups or telephone calls, A 9-mo maintenance phase with monthly coaching telephone calls. A 24-mo sustainability phase providing frequent cues to action (eg, texts, personalized letters, and monthly calls) to use parks and recreation programing for healthy family behaviors
|
36 mo |
School-readiness program |
PA and SB |
| Byun et al [78]; United States |
Two parallel group experimental study with randomization procedure; 2-5 y; 115 (I: 57 and C: 58); 80.87% |
Teacher led; wearable device monitor |
One-week real-time PA monitoring system provided teachers with instant feedback on children’s PA levels. On the basis of the feedback, teachers were asked to self-regulate their classroom strategies to provide more PA opportunities as needed. Teachers were given the autonomy to design the intervention strategies with expectations for encouraging children to be more physically active.
|
1 wk |
Maintain usual routines |
PA and SB |
| Zeng et al [85]; United States |
Two-arm randomized with 2-period crossover trial; 3-5 y; 34 (I: 18 and C: 16); 94.12% |
Child centered; exergaming |
Families in the exergaming group received a LeapTV educational video game console (LeapFrog Enterprises, Inc), with several age-appropriate exergames, including Sports!, Dance & Learn, Kart Racing Supercharged, Pet Play World, Dora and Friends, Ultimate Spider-Man, Bubble Guppies, Sofia the First, Paw Patrol, and Jake and the Never Land Pirates. Children used the active gaming system and engaged in exergaming 30 min per d for 5 d per wk.
|
12 wk, 30 min per session, 5 times per week |
Maintain usual routines |
PA and SB |
| Alexandrou et al [59]; Sweden |
Two-arm parallel group individually randomized control trial; 2.5-3 y; 552 (I: 277 and C: 275); 91.12% |
Parent supported; mHealth app |
Participants in the intervention group were given immediate access to the MINISTOPg 2.0 app (a mobile app). The intervention builds on the MINISTOP 1.0 digital platform and content over 6 mo. Parents used this app, receiving an extensive health-related information and feedback, to increase parental knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy to support and enable behavior change for improved diet and PA behaviors in children.
|
6 mo |
Maintain usual routines |
PA and SB |
| Garrison and Christakis [71]g; United States |
Two-arm randomized controlled trial; 3-5 y; 617 (I: 303 and C: 314); 91.6% |
Parent supported; a telephone call and DVD |
Intervention sessions began with the initial home visit and was then followed by mailings and follow-up telephone calls with the case manager for 12 mo. The first 6 mailings also included DVDs with 5- to 10-min clips of suggested educational and prosocial shows. Case managers used their training to motivate parents to replace violent and age-inappropriate media content with content that was age appropriate and educational or prosocial in nature.
|
6 mo |
A nutrition intervention, including monthly mailings, that encouraged families to decrease consumption of sugary drinks and increase fruit and vegetable intake. |
Sleep |
| Sun et al [72]g; United States |
Two-arm randomized controlled trial; 3-5 y; 32 (I: 16 and C: 16); 90.6% |
Parent supported; tablet computer, videos, and telephone calls |
The intervention consisted of 8 weekly 30-min, interactive, Cantonese, educational modules accessed on the web via tablet computers. The topics were as follows: (1) introduction to the 5-4-3-2-1-0 program;(2) energy balance—maintain a healthy weight; (3) what to feed my family—energy IN; (4) grocery shopping; (5) find fun in PA—energy OUT; (6) less sit, more fit—decrease screen time; (7) smart parenting; and (8) maintain a healthy weight for life. A total of 6 of the 8 lessons were in the format of a 10- to 15-min animated short video in Cantonese, and 2 lessons were in a talk show format hosted by a bicultural registered dietitian or health educator with Cantonese-speaking mothers of young children.
|
8 wk 30 min per week |
Received weekly mailings of printed health information to preschool-aged children over the 8 wk |
PA |
| Fu et al [73]g; United States |
Two-arm randomized controlled trial; mean 4.9 (SD 0.7); 65 (I: 36 and C: 29); 98.5% |
Child centered; exergaming |
Exergaming was incorporated into the regular school routine. During the 12-wk exergaming intervention, children had one 30-min exergaming session per day for 5 d per wk, supervised by 1 trained research assistant and teachers. During the 30-min exergaming session, several active videogames were offered.
|
12 wk, 30 min per session for 5 times per week |
Children in the control group had five 30-min active free-play sessions per week for 12 consecutive weeks, supervised by schoolteachers. |
PA |
| Gao et al [17]g; United States |
Two-arm randomized controlled trial; 4-6 y; 34 (I: 18 and C: 16); 94.12% |
Child centered; exergaming |
Parents were instructed to have their children perform a home-based educational exergaming using LeapTV gaming console for at least 30 min per session for 5 times per week beyond usual PA (duration: 12 wk) A phone call to parents 2 d after the LeapTV installation; and researchers also visited each family once or twice within the first 2 wk to encourage using LeapTV.
|
12 wk, 30 min per session for 5 times per week |
Maintain regular PA patterns without any exergaming gameplay |
PA |
| Trost et al [74]g; Australia |
Two-arm randomized controlled trial; 3-6 y; 34 (I: 17 and C: 17); 94.12% |
Child centered; mHealth app |
Moovosity is a mobile app designed to promote the development of FMSh and increase PA in young children. The game is started by touching the “LETS GO!” button, initiating a 10-min timer for the child and parent to actively play the game without the use of the app.
|
8 wk |
Waitlist control |
PA |
| Yarimkaya et al [75]g; Turkey |
Two-group experimental study with randomization procedure; mean age 5.7; 42 (I: 21 and C: 21); 100% |
Parent supported; WhatsApp |
The parents were included in this private WhatsApp group. A 20- to 30-min PA session was held for 7 d per wk for 6 wk. Each PA session consisted of (1) a warm-up period of approximately 10 min, (2) a PA period of approximately 10 min, and (3) a cooling down period of approximately 10 min. Parents were sent 3 YouTube videos (approximately 10 min each) illustrating the 3 components of a 30-min session.
|
6 wk, 20- to 30-min PA session for 7 d per wk |
Maintain usual routines |
PA |
