Table 4.
Child- and parent-rated changes between baseline and follow-up in secondary outcomes and between-group effect sizes in the internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) and control groups.
| Participant and change | ICBT group (n=17) | Control group (n=16) | Repeated-measure ANOVAa | ||||||||||||
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Participants, n (%) | Values, mean (SD) | Participants, n (%) | Values, mean (SD) | P valueb | Cohen d (95% CI) | |||||||||
| Child | |||||||||||||||
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Δ Dental fear and anxietyc | 17 (100) | −11.7 (8.7) | 16 (100) | 2.6 (9.2) | <.001 d | −1.6 (−2.4 to −0.8) | ||||||||
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Δ Negative cognitionse | 15 (88) | −13.3 (9.7) | 16 (100) | 1.7 (13.1) | .001 | −1.3 (−2.1 to −0.5) | ||||||||
|
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Δ Injection fearf | 16 (94) | −10.6 (10.0) | 16 (100) | 0.7 (13.4) | .01 | −1.0 (−1.7 to −0.2) | ||||||||
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Δ Self-efficacyg | 16 (94) | 18.3 (12.2) | 16 (100) | −0.3 (5.8) | <.001 | 2.0 (1.1 to 2.8) | ||||||||
| Parent | |||||||||||||||
|
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Δ Dental fear and anxietyc | 17 (100) | −10.88 (9.38) | 16 (100) | 0.9 (8.9) | .001 | −1.3 (−2.0 to −0.5) | ||||||||
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Δ Parental self-efficacyh | 17 (100) | 3.71 (13.68) | 16 (100) | −3.8 (8.2) | .07 | 0.7 (−0.1 to 1.4) | ||||||||
aGroup-by-time interaction effects.
bP values are based on group-by-time interaction effects of repeated-measure ANOVA.
cChildren’s Fear and Survey Schedule–Dental Subscale; score range: 15 to 75.
dItalicized values indicate significance.
eChildren’s Negative Cognitions in Dentistry scale; score range: 0 to 50.
fInjection Phobia Scale for Children; score range: 18 to 90.
gSelf-Efficacy Questionnaire for Phobic Situations; score range: 14 to 70.
hParental Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Dental Anxiety; score range: 0 to 120.