Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| LEAVE-DM (n = 178) | Vic-ELF (n = 97) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 72 [69–76] | 70 [68–73] | < 0.001 |
| Female (%) | 73 (41.0) | 42 (43.3) | 0.71 |
| CCI, score | 5 [4–6] | 1 [1, 2] | < 0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 145 [134–155] | 141 [130–150] | 0.04 |
| DBP, mmHg | 77 [70–85] | 85 [78–90] | < 0.001 |
| HR, bpm | 71 [64–83] | 71 [65–79] | 0.63 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.9 [27.3–34.5] | 31.0 [27.4–33.9] | 0.66 |
| ARIC HF, score | 13.8 [8.0–22.8] | 9.7 [6.5–14.7] | < 0.001 |
| Obesity (%) | 82 (46.6) | 58 (59.8) | 0.04 |
| Hypertension (%) | 126 (70.8) | 80 (82.5) | 0.03 |
| Type 2 diabetes (%) | 178 (100) | 97 (100) | – |
| Peripheral vascular disease (%) | 10 (5.7) | 1 (1.0) | 0.06 |
| Family history of CAD (%) | 95 (53.7) | 25 (25.8) | < 0.001 |
| Family history of HF (%) | 31 (17.6) | 4 (4.1) | 0.001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 93.0 [50.7–228.3] | 43.0 [30.3–88.5] | < 0.001 |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 82.0 [70.8–98.5] | 70.4 [56.6–83.6] | < 0.001 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 59.0 [54.0–62.0] | 60.1 [56.6–66.0] | 0.004 |
| GLS (−%) | 17.4 [16.0–19.2] | 18.0 [16.7–20.0] | 0.005 |
| E/e′ | 9.5 [7.9–11.5] | 8.5 [7.4–10.7] | 0.02 |
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 30.6 [27.1–40.3] | 33.4 [28.3–40.4] | 0.19 |
| E/A | 0.8 [0.7–0.9] | 0.8 [0.7–0.9] | 0.93 |
| QOL, score | 83 [71–93] | 80 [70–90] | 0.03 |
| RR interval (ms) | 873 [750–977] | 893 [817–995] | 0.064 |
| PR interval (ms) | 170 [156–186] | 176 [161–188] | 0.142 |
| QRS duration (ms) | 90 [84–102] | 94 [86–104] | 0.291 |
| QT duration (ms) | 394 [375–422] | 400 [380–424] | 0.157 |
| QTc interval (ms) | 426 [411–440] | 425 [411–439] | 0.707 |
Continuous variables are given as median [IQR]
CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; BMI: body mass index; ARIC HF: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Heart Failure score; CAD: coronary artery disease; HF: heart failure; NT-proBNP: N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; GLS: global longitudinal strain; LAVI: left atrial volume index; QOL: quality of life