Table 1.
Overview of included studies
| References | Type of pneumonia | Year of surveillance | Country | Setting | Patient cohort to whom surveillance was applied | Number of patients (admissions) the Surveillance was Applied on | Patient cohort used for validation | Number of patients included for validation | Number of described surveillance systems | Type of surveillance system (fully automatic vs. semi-automatic) | Validation | Number of reference methods applied |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stern [22] | nvHAP | 2015–2020 | USA | 152 hospitals | Hospitalized adult patients | 3.1 Mio (2.7 Mioa | Random selection of patients meeting automated surveillance criteria for nvHAP | 250 (215a) | 1 | Fully | Yes | 6 |
| Jones [25] | nvHAP | 2015–2020 and 2018- 2020 | USA | 284 hospitals | Hospitalised adult patients | 6.0 Mio | Random selection of patients meeting automated surveillance criteria for nvHAP | 250 | 1 | Fully | Yes | 1 |
| Valentine [28] | HAP | 2015–2017 and 2020- 2021 | Austra-lia | 1 hospital | Hospitalised patients with (hemato-)oncologic disease | 41′260 | All patients meeting automated surveillance criteria for nvHAP | 151 | 1 | Fully | Yes | 1 |
| Ramirez Battle [24] | nvHAP | 2015–2017 | USA | 1 hospital | Random selection of patients with ≥ 3 day stay and with worsening oxygenation | 120 | Random selection of patients with ≥ 3 day stay and with worsening oxygenation | 120 | 1 | Fully | Yes | 3 |
| Lacerna [10] | nvHAP | 2012–2018 | USA | 21 hospitals | Hospitalized patients | Not reported | n.a | n.a | 1 | Fully | No | n.a |
| Ji [23] | nvHAP | 2015–2018 | USA | 4 hospitals | Hospitalized non-ventilated patients aged 18 years or older | 489′519 | Random selection of patients with ≥ 3 day stay and with worsening oxygenation | 120 | 10 | Fully | Yes | 1 |
| Zilberberg [30] | HAP (gramnegative) | 2009–2016 | USA | 178 institutions | Adult patients with positive microbiology culture | Not reported | n.a | n.a | 1 | Fully | No | n.a |
| Wolfensberger [21] | nvHAP | 2016–2017 | Switzer-land | 1 hospital | Hospitalized adult patients | 39′519 | 3 samples: 1. Random sample of all patients; 2. Patients with discharge diagnostic code of HAP; 3. Random sample plus patients with discharge code of HAP | 700 + 637 + 754 = 2091 | 1 | Semi | Yes | 1 |
| Wolfensberger [27] | HAP | 2016 | Switzer-land | 4 departments in 1 hospital | Hospitalized patients from 3 surgical and 1 medical department | 6064 | All patients meeting automated surveillance criteria plus random sample of patients who did not meet automated surveillance criteria | 165 + 590 = 755 | 1 | Fully | Yes | 1 |
| Fitzhenry [31] | HAP (postoperative pneumonia) | 1999–2006 | USA | 6 hospitals | Patients with surgical procedures (inpatient and outpatient) | Not reported for patients with inpatient surgical procedure exclusively | Patients with inpatient surgical procedure with in-hospital postoperative pneumonia based on VASQIP surveillance | 1017 | 1 | Fully | Yes | 1 |
| Bouzbid [29] | HAP on ICU | 2000–2006 | France | 1 department in 1 hospital | Patients from 1 ICU with hospital stay > 48 h | 1499 | Patients from 1 ICU with hospital stay > 48 h | 1499 | 6 | Fully | Yes | 1 |
| Haas [19] and Mendonca [20]. | HAP on Neo | 2001–2003 | USA | 1 department in 1 hospital | Hospitalized patients from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) | 1688 or 1692b | Hospitalized patients from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) | 1688 or 1692b | 1 | Fully | Yes | 1 |
HAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia; ICU, intensive care unit; n.a., not applicable; Neo, neonatology; nvHAP, non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia; VASQIP, Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program
aSubset of patients for validation against discharge diagnostic codes
bDivergent numbers in papers of Haas et al. and Medonca et al