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. 2024 Feb 22;18(9):6845–6862. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04471

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Fabrication and characterization of nanoparticle platform. (A) Schematic representation of coloaded nanoparticle vaccine platform promoting MPLA delivery to cell surface and endosome, and cGAMP and peptide antigen delivery to cytosol via endosomal escape. This enhances innate immune signaling for dendritic cell activation and antigen presentation on MHC-I, which together activate a CD8+ T cell response. Made with BioRender.com. (B) Chemical composition and structure of mPEG-block-(DEAEMA-co-BMA) diblock copolymer. (C) Schematic representation of formulation of nanoparticle via confined impingement jet mixing. Made with BioRender.com. (D) Representative cryogenic electron micrograph of nanoparticle coloaded with antigen, cGAMP, and MPLA. (E) Representative size distribution of empty nanoparticle and nanoparticle coloaded with antigen, cGAMP, and MPLA as measured by dynamic light scattering. (F) Representative fluorescent images of NCI H358 cells expressing a Gal9-mCherry fusion protein after treatment with PBS or the loaded nanoparticle (NP). (G) Vesicle count per cell for NCI H358 cells expressing a Gal9-mCherry fusion protein after treatment with indicated formulations (mean ± SD; n = 3–11 biologically independent samples, **P < 0.01; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons). (H) In vitro evaluation of IRF3 and NF-κB activation after treatment with indicated formulation for 24 h (mean ± SD; n = 3 biologically independent samples).