Table 1.
Differences in Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Between Patients With and Without Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea
| Characteristic | No Nausea 52.5% (n = 681) |
Nausea 47.5% (n = 615) |
Statistics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Age (years) | 58.64 (12.58) | 55.62 (11.93) | t = 4.41, p < 0.001 |
| Education (years) | 16.43 (2.97) | 15.87 (3.04) | t = 3.34, p = 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.15 (5.37) | 26.36 (6.02) | t = −0.64, p = 0.520 |
| Karnofsky Performance Status score | 83.36 (11.54) | 76.20 (12.41) | t = 10.50, p < 0.001 |
| Number of comorbidities | 2.30 (1.37) | 2.53 (1.50) | t = −2.82, p = 0.005 |
| SCQ score | 5.14 (2.90) | 5.87 (3.48) | t = −4.10, p < 0.001 |
| AUDIT score | 3.17 (2.52) | 2.76 (2.44) | t = 2.39, p = 0.017 |
| Time since cancer diagnosis (years) | 2.07 (3.99) | 1.79 (3.61) | U, p = 0.230 |
| Time since diagnosis (median) | 0.44 | 0.41 | |
| Number of prior cancer treatments | 0.77 (0.42) | 0.73 (0.44) | t = 1.50, p = 0.132 |
| Number of metastatic sites including lymph node involvement | 1.28 (1.21) | 1.18 (1.22) | t = 1.43, p = 0.153 |
| Number of metastatic sites excluding lymph node involvement | 0.81 (1.03) | 0.73 (1.04) | t = 1.32, p = 0.188 |
| % (n) | % (n) | ||
| Gender* | FE, p = 0.257 | ||
| Female | 76.2 (519) | 79.0 (486) | |
| Male | 23.6 (161) | 21.0 (129) | |
| Transgender | 0.2 (1) | 0.0 (0) | |
| Ethnicity | X2 = 5.57, p = 0.135 | ||
| White | 72.8 (490) | 67.1 (407) | |
| Black | 6.4 (43) | 8.1 (49) | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 11.4 (77) | 12.7 (77) | |
| Hispanic Mixed or Other | 9.4 (63) | 12.2 (74) | |
| Married or partnered (% yes) | 64.6 (435) | 64.0 (388) | FE, p = 0.861 |
| Lives alone (% yes) | 21.6 (145) | 21.9 (133) | FE, p = 0.946 |
| Child care responsibilities (% yes) | 18.5 (124) | 26.2 (157) | FE, p = 0.001 |
| Care of adult responsibilities (% yes) | 7.1 (44) | 8.7 (48) | FE, p = 0.328 |
| Born prematurely (% yes) | 4.4 (29) | 6.4 (37) | FE, p = 0.163 |
| Currently employed (% yes) | 37.8 (255) | 32.4 (197) | FE, p = 0.047 |
| Income | KW, p < 0.001 | ||
| < $30,000 | 12.5 (75) | 25.0 (139) | |
| $30,000 to < $70,000 | 22.1 (133) | 19.7 (110) | |
| $70,000 to < $100,000 | 17.0 (102) | 16.9 (94) | |
| ≥ $100,000 | 48.4 (291) | 38.4 (214) | |
| Specific comorbidities (% yes) | |||
| Heart disease | 6.9 (47) | 4.6 (28) | FE, p = 0.075 |
| High blood pressure | 31.1 (212) | 29.6 (182) | FE, p = 0.586 |
| Lung disease | 11.2 (76) | 11.5 (71) | FE, p = 0.861 |
| Diabetes | 7.2 (49) | 10.9 (67) | FE, p = 0.025 |
| Ulcer or stomach disease | 3.8 (26) | 6.0 (37) | FE, p = 0.071 |
| Kidney disease | 1.5 (10) | 1.5 (9) | FE, p = 1.000 |
| Liver disease | 6.0 (41) | 6.8 (42) | FE, p = 0.572 |
| Anemia or blood disease | 10.4 (71) | 15.0 (92) | FE, p = 0.015 |
| Depression | 15.1 (103) | 23.7 (146) | FE, p < 0.001 |
| Osteoarthritis | 12.5 (85) | 11.7 (72) | FE, p = 0.733 |
| Back pain | 21.9 (149) | 29.6 (182) | FE, p = 0.002 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 3.8 (26) | 2.6 (16) | FE, p = 0.272 |
| Exercise on a regular basis (% yes) | 73.4 (493) | 68.5 (408) | FE, p = 0.063 |
| Smoking current or history of (% yes) | 36.3 (244) | 34.5 (208) | FE, p = 0.520 |
| Cancer diagnosis | X2 = 5.46, p = 0.141 | ||
| Breast | 40.5 (276) | 39.5 (243) | |
| Gastrointestinal | 28.5 (194) | 33.3 (205) | |
| Gynecological | 19.2 (131) | 15.3 (94) | |
| Lung | 11.7 (80) | 11.9 (73) | |
| Type of prior cancer treatment | X2 = 4.73, p = 0.193 | ||
| No prior treatment | 23.4 (155) | 26.9 (161) | |
| Only surgery, CTX, or RT | 42.7 (238) | 41.6 (249) | |
| Surgery & CTX, or Surgery & RT, or CTX & RT | 21.7 (144) | 17.7 (106) | |
| Surgery & CTX & RT | 12.2 (81) | 13.7 (82) | |
| CTX cycle length | X2 = 17.77, p < 0.001 | ||
| 14 day cycle | 37.2 (253) | 48.3 (297) | 0 < 1 |
| 21 day cycle | 56.2 (382) | 44.7 (275) | 0 > 1 |
| 28 day cycle | 6.6 (45) | 7.0 (43) | NS |
| Emetogenicity of CTX | X2 = 14.88, p = 0.001 | ||
| Minimal/Low | 21.4 (146) | 15.9 (98) | 0 > 1 |
| Moderate | 62.6 (426) | 60.5 (372) | NS |
| High | 16.0 (109) | 23.6 (145) | 0 < 1 |
| Antiemetic regimens | X2 = 19.82, p < 0.001 | ||
| None | 8.2 (56) | 5.9 (36) | NS |
| Steroid alone or serotonin receptor antagonist alone | 24.1 (164) | 16.4 (101) | 0 > 1 |
| Serotonin receptor antagonist and steroid | 46.5 (317) | 48.9 (301) | NS |
| NK-1 receptor antagonist and two other antiemetics | 21.1 (144) | 28.8 (177) | 0 < 1 |
Abbreviations: AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, CTX = chemotherapy, FE = Fisher’s Exact test, kg = kilograms, KW = Kruskal Wallis test, m2 = meter squared, NK-1 = Neurokinin-1, NS = not significant, RT = radiation therapy, SCQ = Self-administered Comorbidity Questionnaire, SD = standard deviation, U = Mann-Whitney U test, X2 = Chi square
*
Chi Square test done without the transgender participant