Table 3.
Effect of thermal processes applied for pathogen population reduction on breast milk.
| Applied treatment | Process conditions | Microorganism | Log10 reductions | Initial load | UnitsA-E | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HoP | 62.5°C, 30 min | Bacillus cereus (CECT 131) | 2.62 | 107 | CFU/mL | (47) |
| 63 ± 0.5°C, 30 min | Coagulase-negative staphylococci* | Below detection limit | 9.8×104 | CFU/mL | (48) | |
| 63°C, 30 min. After heating: 4°C | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | >0.9 | 3.16×103 | PFU/mL | (49) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (AD169) | Below detection limit | 32 | IEA | (50) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min | Enveloped hepatitis E virus (eHEV) | 1.1 | 6.31×104 | FFU/mL | (51) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min | Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) | >5.1 | 1.16×105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min. After heating: quickly cooled to 20°C | Enterococcus faecalis (PCM 896) | 3.92 | 8.91×104 | CFU/mL | (52) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min. After heating: quickly cooled to 20°C | Enterococcus faecium (ATCC 6057) | 4.28 | 7.94×104 | CFU/mL | (52) | |
| 63 ± 0.5°C, 30 min | Enterococcus species* | Below detection limit | 103 | CFU/mL | (48) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min. After heating: cooled in ice slurry | Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) | ≥7 | 108 | CFU/mL | (53) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min. After heating: quickly cooled to 20°C | Escherichia coli (K-12) | Below detection limit | 1.05×105 | CFU/mL | (52) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min | HCoV-229E | 1.5 | 106 | FFU/mL | (51) | |
| 63°C, 30 min. After heating: 4°C | Hepatitis A virus (HAV) | 3.1 | 5.01×105 | PFU/mL | (49) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min | Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) | >4.8 | 5.70×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min | Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn 01605) | >4.6 | 3.60×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min. After heating: cooled in ice slurry | Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19115) | ≥7 | 108 | CFU/mL | (53) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min | Non-enveloped hepatitis E virus (neHEV) | 1.2 | 5.01×105 | FFU/mL | (51) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min. After heating: cooled in ice slurry | SARS-CoV-2 | 6 | 107 | TCID50 | (54) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min | Serratia marcescens (Smarc 00697) | >4.9 | 1.04×105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min. After heating: cooled in ice slurry | Staphylococcus agalactiae (ATCC 12927) | ≥7 | 108 | CFU/mL | (53) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min. After heating: cooled in ice slurry | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) | ≥7 | 108 | CFU/mL | (53) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | >4.9 | 7.90×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min. After heating: cooled in ice slurry | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | ≥7 | 108 | CFU/mL | (53) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min. After heating: quickly cooled to 20°C | Staphylococcus aureus (PCM 2054) | Below detection limit | 1.20×105 | CFU/mL | (52) | |
| 62.5°C, 30 min | Staphylococcus aureus sub. Aureus (CECT 976) | 3.13 | 107 | (47) | ||
| HTST | 72°C, 16 s | Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) | >5.84 | 6.31×107 | TCID50 | (55) |
| 72°C, 15 s | Chronobacter sakazakii (ATCC 51329) | Below detection limit | 1.60×106 | CFU/mL | (56) | |
| 62°C, 5 s | Coagulase-negative staphylococci* | 4.42 | 9.80×104 | CFU/mL | (48) | |
| 62°C, 5 s | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (AD169) | Below detection limit | 32 | IEA | (50) | |
| 62°C, 15 s | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (AD169) | Below detection limit | 32 | IEA | (50) | |
| 72°C, 5 s | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (AD169) | Below detection limit | 32 | IEA | (50) | |
| 72°C, 15 s | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (AD169) | Below detection limit | 32 | IEA | (50) | |
| 87°C, 2 s | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (AD169) | Below detection limit | 32 | IEA | (50) | |
| 87°C, 5 s | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (AD169) | Below detection limit | 32 | IEA | (50) | |
| 62°C, 5 s | Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) | 1.1 | 1.16×105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 62°C, 15 s | Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) | 1.1 | 1.16×105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 72°C, 5 s | Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) | 3.8 | 1.16×105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 72°C, 15 s | Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) | 3.8 | 1.16×105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 87°C, 2 s | Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) | >5.1 | 1.16×105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 87°C, 5 s | Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) | >5.1 | 1.16×105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 62°C, 5 s | Enterococcus species* | 0.92 | 103 | CFU/mL | (48) | |
| 71°C, 18.9 s, 5.9 mL/min | Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) | >5.15 | 1.40×106 | CFU/mL | (57) | |
| 71°C, 9 s, 12.3 mL/min | Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) | >5.15 | 1.40×106 | CFU/mL | (57) | |
| 71°C, 5.75 s, 18.9 mL/min | Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) | >5.15 | 1.40×106 | CFU/mL | (57) | |
| 72°C, 16 s | Escherichia coli (CIVO.B.0505) | >32 | 2.10×108 | CFU/mL | (55) | |
| 72°C, 16 s | Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) | 2 | 2.45×107 | TCID50 | (55) | |
| 72°C, 16 s | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | >7.27 | 2.24×108 | TCID50 | (55) | |
| 62°C, 15 s | Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) | 4.5 | 5.70×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 72°C, 5 s | Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) | >4.8 | 5.70×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 72°C, 15 s | Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) | >4.8 | 5.70×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 87°C, 2 s | Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) | >4.8 | 5.70×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 62°C, 15 s | Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn 01605) | 1.1 | 3.60×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 72°C, 5 s | Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn 01605) | >4.6 | 3.60×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 72°C, 15 s | Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn 01605) | >4.6 | 3.60×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 72°C, 16 s | Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) | 0.5 | 3.80×108 | TCID50 | (55) | |
| 62°C, 5 s | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) | 1.1 | 105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 62°C, 15 s | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) | 3.7 | 105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 72°C, 5 s | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 87°C, 5 s | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 72°C, 16 s | Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) | >7.68 | 4.37×108 | TCID50 | (55) | |
| 62°C, 5 s | Serratia marcescens (Smarc 00697) | 3.1 | 1.04×105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 62°C, 15 s | Serratia marcescens (Smarc 00697) | >4.9 | 1.04×105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 72°C, 5 s | Serratia marcescens (Smarc 00697) | >4.9 | 1.04×105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 87°C, 5 s | Serratia marcescens (Smarc 00697) | >4.9 | 1.04×105 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 71°C, 18.9 s, 5.9 mL/min | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) | >6.07 | 1.20×107 | CFU/mL | (57) | |
| 71°C, 9 s, 12.3 mL/min | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) | >6.07 | 1.20×107 | CFU/mL | (57) | |
| 71°C, 5.75 s, 18.9 mL/min | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) | >6.07 | 1.20×107 | CFU/mL | (57) | |
| 72°C, 15 s | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33862) | 4.48 | 3.00×106 | CFU/mL | (56) | |
| 62°C, 5 s | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | 2.4 | 7.90×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 72°C, 5 s | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | 3.3 | 7.90×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 62°C, 15 s | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | 3.6 | 7.90×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 72°C, 15 s | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | 3.9 | 7.90×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 87°C, 2 s | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | >4.9 | 7.90×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 87°C, 5 s | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | >4.9 | 7.90×104 | CFU/mL | (50) | |
| 72°C, 16 s | Staphylococcus aureus (NCCB70054/CIVO.B. 1,245) | 15 | 2.50×107 | CFU/mL | (55) | |
| 72°C, 16 s | Streptococcus agalactiae (CIVO.B.0062) | >26 | 3.80×106 | CFU/mL | (55) |
Microorganisms marked with * were evaluated as native on HBM; the others were inoculated. HoP, Holder Pasteurization; HTST, High-Temperature Short-Time Pasteurization. ACFU, Colony Forming Unit; BPFU, Plaque Forming Unit; CIEA, Immediate Early Antigen; DFFU, Focus Forming Unit; ETCID50, 50% of the Tissue Culture Infectivity Dose.