Table 5.
Effect of non-thermal processes applied for pathogen reduction on breast milk.
| Applied treatment | Process conditions | Microorganism or pathogen | Log10 reductions | Initial load | UnitsA-D | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HPP | 593.96 MPa, 233 s, 24.8°C | Bacillus cereus (vegetative) | 6.93 | 107 | CFU/mL | (47) |
| 350 MPa, 5 min, 4 cycles, 38°C | Bacillus cereus spores (ATCC 14579) | 4.9 | 7.94×104 | CFU/mL | (70) | |
| 350 MPa, 8 min, 16.5°C | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | >0.9 | 3.16×103 | PFU/mL | (49) | |
| 350 MPa, 10 min, 16.5°C | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | >0.9 | 3.16×103 | PFU/mL | (49) | |
| 500 MPa, 8 min, 18.8°C | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | >0.9 | 3.16×103 | PFU/mL | (49) | |
| 500 MPa, 10 min, 18.8°C | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | >0.9 | 3.16×103 | PFU/mL | (49) | |
| 600 MPa, 8 min, 21.5°C | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | >0.9 | 3.16×103 | PFU/mL | (49) | |
| 600 MPa, 10 min, 21.5°C | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | >0.9 | 3.16×103 | PFU/mL | (49) | |
| 600 MPa, 5 min, 20°C | Enveloped hepatitis E virus (eHEV) | 1.6 | 3.16×104 | FFU/mL | (51) | |
| 350 MPa, 5 min, 4 cycles, 38°C | Enveloped hepatitis E virus (eHEV) | 0 | 3.16×104 | FFU/mL | (51) | |
| 400 MPa, 5 min, 12°C | Enterobacteriaceae* | 0.48 | 3.00×101 | CFU/mL | (67) | |
| 500 MPa, 5 min, 12°C | Enterobacteriaceae* | 0.48 | 3.00×101 | CFU/mL | (67) | |
| 600 MPa, 5 min, 12°C | Enterobacteriaceae* | 0.48 | 3.00×101 | CFU/mL | (67) | |
| 400 MPa, 30 min, 21 to 31°C | Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) | 6 | 108 | CFU/mL | (53) | |
| 350 MPa, 5 min, 4 cycles, 38°C | HCoV-229E | 1.4 | 106 | TCID50/mL | (51) | |
| 600 MPa, 5 min, 20°C | HCoV-229E | 1 | 106 | TCID50/mL | (51) | |
| 350 MPa, 8 min, 16.5°C | Hepatitis A virus (HAV) | >4 | 5.01×105 | (49) | ||
| 350 MPa, 10 min, 16.5°C | Hepatitis A virus (HAV) | >4 | 5.01×105 | (49) | ||
| 500 MPa, 8 min, 18.8°C | Hepatitis A virus (HAV) | >4 | 5.01×105 | (49) | ||
| 500 MPa, 10 min, 18.8°C | Hepatitis A virus (HAV) | >4 | 5.01×105 | (49) | ||
| 600 MPa, 8 min, 21.5°C | Hepatitis A virus (HAV) | >4 | 5.01×105 | (49) | ||
| 600 MPa, 10 min, 21.5°C | Hepatitis A virus (HAV) | >4 | 5.01×105 | (49) | ||
| 400 MPa, 2 min, 21 to 31°C | Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19115) | 8 | 108 | CFU/mL | (53) | |
| 600 MPa, 5 min, 20°C | Non-enveloped hepatitis E virus (neHEV) | 2.7 | 2.51×106 | FFU/mL | (51) | |
| 350 MPa, 5 min, 4 cycles, 38°C | Non-enveloped hepatitis E virus (neHEV) | 0.3 | 2.51×106 | FFU/mL | (51) | |
| 400 MPa, 30 min, 21 to 31°C | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) | 8 | 108 | CFU/mL | (53) | |
| 350 MPa, 5 min, 4 cycles, 38°C | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | 5.7 | 5.01×105 | CFU/mL | (70) | |
| 400 MPa, 30 min, 21 to 31°C | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | 6 | 108 | CFU/mL | (53) | |
| 500 MPa, 10 min, 50°C | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | 6.6 | 108 | CFU/mL | (71) | |
| 500 MPa, 15 min, 50°C | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | 8 | 108 | CFU/mL | (71) | |
| 500 MPa, 15 min, 4°C | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | ~5 | 108 | CFU/mL | (71) | |
| 500 MPa, 15 min, 20°C | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | ~5 | 108 | CFU/mL | (71) | |
| 593.96 MPa, 233 s, 24.8°C | Staphylococcus aureus sub. Aureus | 5.81 | 107 | CFU/mL | (47) | |
| 400 MPa, 4 min, 21 to 31°C | Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 12927) | 8 | 108 | CFU/mL | (53) | |
| 400 MPa, 5 min, 12°C | Total bacteria population* | 3.46 | 2.90×104 | CFU/mL | (67) | |
| 500 MPa, 5 min, 12°C | Total bacteria population* | 3.46 | 2.90×104 | CFU/mL | (67) | |
| 600 MPa, 5 min, 12°C | Total bacteria population* | 3.46 | 2.90×104 | CFU/mL | (67) | |
| 500 MPa, 10 min, 20°C | Total microbial count* | 4.88 | 7.50×104 | (71) | ||
| UV radiation | 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 8.3 min, 105 g/L of total solid | Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10702) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 14.8 min, 125 g/L of total solid | Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10702) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 26.5 min, 145 g/L of total solid | Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10702) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 2,750 J/L | Bacillus subtilis spores (NRRL B-354, 356) | 2.75 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 550 J/L | Bacillus subtilis spores (NRRL B-354, 356) | <1.0 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 8,250 J/L | Bacillus subtilis spores (NRRL B-354, 356) | >5 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 33,000 J/L | Bacillus subtilis spores (NRRL B-354, 356) | Below detection limit | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 550 J/L | Cronobacter sakazakii (ATCC BAA-894) | <1.0 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 8,250 J/L | Cronobacter sakazakii (ATCC BAA-894) | >5 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 2,750 J/L | Cronobacter sakazakii (ATCC BAA-894) | 3.64 to 4.82 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 33,000 J/L | Cronobacter sakazakii (ATCC BAA-894) | Below detection limit | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 8.3 min, 105 g/L of total solid | Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 27508) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 14.8 min, 125 g/L of total solid | Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 27508) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 26.5 min, 145 g/L of total solid | Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 27508) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| 254 nm, 40 min, 740 J/L | Enterococcus faecalis (PCM 896) | 2.9 | 105 | CFU/mL | (52) | |
| 254 nm, 40 min, 740 J/L | Enterococcus faecium (ATCC 6057) | 3.95 | 105 | CFU/mL | (52) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 550 J/L | Enterococcus faecium (ATCC 8459) | <1.0 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 8,250 J/L | Enterococcus faecium (ATCC 8459) | >5 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 2,750 J/L | Enterococcus faecium (ATCC 8459) | 3.64 to 4.82 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 33,000 J/L | Enterococcus faecium (ATCC 8459) | Below detection limit | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 J/L | Escherichia coli (K-12) | Below detection limit | 105 | CFU/mL | (52) | |
| 254 nm, 700 J/L | Escherichia coli (K-12) | Below detection limit | 105 | CFU/mL | (52) | |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 8.3 min, 105 g/L of total solid | Escherichia coli K 12 (ATCC1498) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 14.8 min, 125 g/L of total solid | Escherichia coli K 12 (ATCC1498) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 26.5 min, 145 g/L of total solid | Escherichia coli K 12 (ATCC1498) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 550 J/L | Listeria monocytogenes (ScottA, OSY-428, Ohio, California, ATCC 19115) | <1.0 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 8,250 J/L | Listeria monocytogenes (ScottA, OSY-428, Ohio, California, ATCC 19115) | >5 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 2,750 J/L | Listeria monocytogenes (ScottA, OSY-428, Ohio, California, ATCC 19115) | 3.64 to 4.82 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 33,000 J/L | Listeria monocytogenes (ScottA, OSY-428, Ohio, California, ATCC 19115) | Below detection limit | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 2,750 J/L | Paenibacillus macerans spores (NRRL B-14029) | 2.75 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 550 J/L | Paenibacillus macerans spores (NRRL B-14029) | <1.0 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 8,250 J/L | Paenibacillus macerans spores (NRRL B-14029) | >5 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 33,000 J/L | Paenibacillus macerans spores (NRRL B-14029) | Below detection limit | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 2,750 J/L | Paenibacillus polymyxa spores (NRRL B-510) | 2.75 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 550 J/L | Paenibacillus polymyxa spores (NRRL B-510) | <1.0 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 8,250 J/L | Paenibacillus polymyxa spores (NRRL B-510) | >5 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 33,000 J/L | Paenibacillus polymyxa spores (NRRL B-510) | Below detection limit | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 550 J/L | Staphylococcus aureus (138-CPS and 146-CPS) | <1.0 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 8,250 J/L | Staphylococcus aureus (138-CPS and 146-CPS) | >5 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 2,750 J/L | Staphylococcus aureus (138-CPS and 146-CPS) | 3.64 to 4.82 | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 254 nm, 400 rpm, 33,000 J/L | Staphylococcus aureus (138-CPS and 146-CPS) | Below detection limit | 108 | CFU/mL | (60) | |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 8.3 min, 105 g/L of total solid | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 14.8 min, 125 g/L of total solid | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 26.5 min, 145 g/L of total solid | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| 254 nm, 400 J/L | Staphylococcus aureus (PCM 2054) | Below detection limit | 105 | CFU/mL | (52) | |
| 254 nm, 700 J/L | Staphylococcus aureus (PCM 2054) | Below detection limit | 105 | CFU/mL | (52) | |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 8.3 min, 105 g/L of total solid | Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 14.8 min, 125 g/L of total solid | Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| 1.1 W, 253.7 nm, 26.5 min, 145 g/L of total solid | Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) | 5 | 105 | CFU/mL | (68) | |
| PEF | 7 kV, 1,500 pulses, 10 Hz, 30 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.42 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) |
| 7 kV, 1,500 pulses, 10 Hz, 37.5 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.46 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 7 kV, 3,750 pulses, 20 Hz, 93.75 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.5 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 7 kV, 1,500 pulses, 50 Hz, 37.5 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.5 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 7 kV, 6,000 pulses, 20 Hz, 150 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.57 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 7 kV, 6,000 pulses, 50 Hz, 180 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.58 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 15 kV, 1,500 pulses, 50 Hz, 210 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.59 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 7 kV, 1,500 pulses, 20 Hz, 30 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.59 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 11 kV, 6,000 pulses, 10 Hz, 360 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.61 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 11 kV, 3,750 pulses, 50 Hz, 225 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.67 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 11 kV, 1,500 pulses, 20 Hz, 85.5 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.7 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 7 kV, 6,000 pulses, 10 Hz, 120 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.7 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 15 kV, 1,500 Pulses, 10 Hz, 165 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.8 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 11 kV, 6,000 pulses, 20 Hz, 360 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 0.82 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 15 kV, 1,500 pulses, 20 Hz, 165 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 1.37 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 15 kV, 3,750 pulses, 10 Hz, 450 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 2.27 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 15 kV, 6,000 pulses, 10 Hz, 660 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 2.3 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 15 kV, 3,750 pulses, 20 Hz, 450 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 3.19 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 15 kV, 6,000 pulses, 20 Hz, 780 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 3.94 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) | |
| 15 kV, 6,000 pulses, 50 Hz, 720 J | Endogenous bacteria* | 4.67 | 3.16×107 | CFU/mL | (65) |
Microorganisms marked with * were evaluated as native on HBM, the others were inoculated. HPP, High-Pressure Processing; PEF, Pulsed Electric Fields. ACFU, Colony Forming Unit; BPFU, Plaque Forming Unit; CFFU, Focus Forming Unit; DTCID50, 50% of the Tissue Culture Infectivity Dose.