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. 2024 Mar 7;19(3):e0299907. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299907

Table 2. Awareness of medical overuse.

n (%)
Have you ever heard of medical overuse before?
 Yes 169 (41.6)
 No 237 (58.4)
Have you already experienced or perceived overuse according to this definition?
 Yes 143 (35.2)
 No 263 (64.8)
Understanding of medical overuse
 “Too much medicine, incl. overtesting and overtreatment” 246 (60.6)
 “More physicians than needed” 59 (14.5)
 Wrong definition 16 (3.9)
 No definition given 85 (20.9)
Areas connected to medical overuse (two items could be chosen)
 Self-pay services 229 (56.4)
 Surgeries 184 (45.3)
 Prescription of medicine 151 (37.2)
 Imaging procedures 90 (22.2)
 Blood tests 43 (10.6)
 Early detection and screening 32 (7.9)
Relevance of medical overuse in the German healthcare system
 “Less medical overuse would improve our health system.” 201 (49.5)
 “There are other issues that need to be addressed.” 98 (24.1)
 “Medical overuse exists but it does not have a negative impact on health care provision.” 62 (15.3)
 “Medical overuse does not exist in our health system.” 45 (11.1)