Table 3.

EMA Completion Rates

	Study	Percentage of Sample Meeting >33% Cutoff	Percentage of EMA Surveys Completed	Other Measure of Completion	Other Completion Outcome	Predictors of EMA Completion
1	Ainsworth, Palmier-Claus35	88% (smartphone) 71% (SMS)	69% (smartphone) 56% (SMS)	—	—	EMA completion significantly higher with the smartphone app compared to the SMS procedure. Completion rate lower in week 2 compared to week 1.
2	Bartolomeo, Raugh36	—	66% (of completers)	% sample ≥ 20% cutoff	94%	SZ sample had lower completion rates than controls. SZ sample had lower personal education compared to controls, no other differences on demographics.
3	Bell, Rossell11	100%	72%	—	—	No relationship between completion rates and confidence in using smartphone apps, demographic, or clinical variables.
4	Bell, Velthorst37	87.8%	68% (of completers)	—	—	No differences in completion rates between patients vs. controls or patients vs. relatives. However, differences in demographics (sex, education, living status, and ethnicity). No differences in age across samples.
5	Ben-Zeev, Ellington38	—	—	% completing ≥2 full days of monitoring	87%	—
6	Ben-Zeev, Frounfelker39	—	88%	—	—	—
7	Ben-Zeev, McHugo40	—	98%	—	—	—
8	Ben-Zeev, Morris41	—	—	% completing ≥2 full days of monitoring	87%	—
9	Berry, Emsley42	—	67%	—	—	No relationship between completion rate and age, clinical status, gender, own or loaned smartphone, employment status, or education.
10	Brand, Bendall43	83%	71%	—	—	Completion rate lower in week 4 compared to week 1.
11	Buck, Munson44	—	—	—	—	—
12	Cristóbal‐Narváez, Sheinbaum45	—	—	—	—	—
13	Daemen, van Amelsvoort46	100%	63%	—	—	No differences in completion rates between patients vs controls or patients vs relatives. Differences between groups on age, gender, education, and marital status.
14	Daemen, van Amelsvoort47	—	—	—	—	No differences in completion rates between patients vs controls or patients vs relatives. Patients had higher levels of child abuse.
15	Dokuz, Kani48	88%	71% (of completers)	—	—	No relationships between ESM data and demographics, or duration of illness, or time without treatment.
16	Dupuy, Abdallah49	—	95%	—	—	—
17	Fett, Hanssen50	86%	77%	—	—	—
18	Fielding-Smith, Greenwood51	89%	60% (of completers)	—	—	—
19	Gaudiano, Ellenberg52	—	45%	% completing ≥10 EMA survey	62%	Male gender and cannabis (but not alcohol or other drug) use is associated with lower completion rate. No relationship between completion rate and age, educational attainment, non-Latino White vs. minority ethnicity/race); positive, negative, and affective symptom severity, or cognitive functioning. Completion rate lower in week 4 compared to week 1.
20	Geraets, Snippe53	—	64%	—	—	—
21	Gohari, Moore54	—	75%	—	—	—
22	Granholm, Loh55	—	69% (of completers)	% completing >4 EMA surveys	87%	Poorer cognitive impairment in those who did not meet completion criteria. No relationship between completion rate and age, gender, positive, negative or total symptoms severity, or number of days in the study.
23	Hanssen, Balvert56	—	59%	% completing >30% EMA surveys	89%	No significant differences were found for completion between the feedback and no-feedback group.
24	Hartley, Haddock57	75%	59% (of completers)	% who “completed” the EMA phase	84%	No difference in education, employment status or gender, age, positive, negative or general symptoms, severity of delusions, or hallucinations between those that did and did not meet completion criteria.
25	Hartley, Haddock58	75%	59% (of completers)	% who “completed” the EMA phase	84%	No difference in education, employment status or gender, age, positive, negative or general symptoms, severity of delusions or hallucinations between those that did and did not meet completion criteria.
26	Harvey, Miller59	—	80%	—	—	SZ and BD differed in demographics and PANSS symptoms.
27	Jongeneel, Aalbers9	—	72% (of completers)	—	—	—
28	Kammerer, Mehl60	—	72%	—	—	—
29	Kimhy, Lister61	—	75%	—		—
30	Kimhy, Vakhrusheva62	—	81% (of completers)	—	—	—
31	Kimhy, Wall63	—	89% (of completers)	—	—	—
32	Kimhy, Delespaul64	91%	81% (of completers)	—	—	—
33	Klippel65	86%	—	—	—	—
34	Ludwig, Mehl66	—	72%	—	—	—
35	Lüdtke, Kriston67	—	—	—	—	—
36	Lüdtke, Moritz68	—	82% (of completers)	—	—	—
37	Miller, Harvey69	—	80%	—	—	—
38	Moitra, Park70	—	39%	—		—
39	Monsonet, Rockwood71	—	—	—	—	Compliance rates did not differ between smartphone or PDA.
40	Morgan, Strassnig72	—	73%	—	—	SZ had differences with BD on education, age, and mother’s education.
41	Mulligan, Haddock73	100%	77%	—	—	—
42	Nittel, Lincoln74	87%	—	—	—	No difference in completion rates between recruitment methods (outpatients vs recruited via leaflet).
43	Orth, Hur75	—	67% (of completers)	% sample ≥ 25% cutoff	86%	Compliance rates did not differ on individual levels of paranoia.
44	Palmier-Claus, Ainsworth18	82%	72% (of completers)	—	—	More severe positive symptoms, but not negative symptoms, depression or age, predicted decreased likelihood of meeting 33% completion criterion. No relationship between these variables and completion rate.
45	Parrish, Chalker76	—	81% (of completers)	—	—	Completion not related to age, years of education, gender, symptom severity, cognition, or diagnosis; weak negative correlation with mania.
46	Parrish, Chalker77	—	80%	—	—	—
47	Perez, Tercero78	—	75%	—	—	No differences between SZ and BD.
48	Pieters, Deenik79	—	64%	—	—
49	Pos, Meijer80	—	—	—	—	—
50	Radley, Barlow81	97%	69% (of completers)	—	—	Time of day did not predict missing data. Participants missed more surveys towards the end of the study.
51	Raugh, James20	—	54%	% sample ≥ 20% cutoff	—	—
52	Raugh, Strauss82	—	62%	% sample ≥ 20% cutoff	92%	SZ sample had lower completion rates than controls.
53	Reininghaus, Kempton83	86%	60% (of completers)	—	—	—
54	Reininghaus, Gayer-Anderson84	—	—	—	—	—
55	Reininghaus, Oorschot85	86%	60% (of completers)	—	—	—
56	Sa, Wearden86	—	67% (of completers)	% completing ≥20 beeps	100%	—
57	Schick, Van Winkel87	100%	68%	—	—	—
58	Smelror, Bless88	—	74% (of completers)	—	—	—
59	So, Chung89	—	67%	% completing >30% EMA surveys	77%	There was no significant difference in age, gender, years of education, number of psychiatric admissions, or any of the clinical and self-report measure for those that did and did not meet completion criteria.
60	So, Chau90	—	85% (of completers)	% completing >30% EMA surveys	58%	No difference in clinical severity measures for those that did and did not meet completion criteria.
61	So, Peters91	—	71% (of completers)	% completing >30% EMA surveys	62%	No relationship between completion rate and number of days in study.
62	So, Peters92	—	71% (of completers)	% completing >30% EMA surveys	62%	—
63	Steenkamp, Parrish93	—	—	—	—	—
64	Strauss, Esfahlani94	—	90% (of completers)	% completing >25% EMA surveys	93%	—
65	Swendsen, Ben-Zeev95	—	72% (of completers)	—	—	No relationship between completion rate and number of days in study.
66	Vilardaga, Hayes96	—	55% (of completers)	—	—	—
67	Westermann, Grezellschak97	—	78%	—	—	No relationship between completion rate and number of days in study.
68	Wright, Palmer-Cooper98	76%	42.2%	—	—	Compliance was related to working and lower levels of self-reflectiveness. No relationships with demographics or clinical variables.

Note: BD, Bipolar Disorder; EMA, ecological momentary assessment; SMS, short messaging service; SZ, Schizophrenia.