Table 2.

Pharmacological Roles of Ginsengs and Ginsenosides in NASH

Disease	Ginseng	Activators/inhibitors	Models	Ref.
NASH	KRG	●KRG alleviated NASH severity and NASH-mediated hepatic injury in MCDHF or Western diet-fed NASH mice ●KRG suppressed hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and steatosis in MCDHF or Western diet-fed NASH mice ●KRG reduced the expression of FABP4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in hepatocytes, macrophages, and NASH mice	MCD or LPS-treated Primary hepatocytes MCD or LPS-treated RAW264.7 MCDHF diet-induced NASH mice Western diet-induced NASH mice	[42]
	JRG	●JRG reduced PA-induced lipotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress in hepatocytes and macrophages ●JRG decreased the expression of NASH-associated genes in hepatocytes and macrophages ●JRG ameliorated hepatic inflammation, injury, lipid metabolism, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and disease severity in Western diet-induced NASH mice	PA-treated AML-12 and RAW264.7 Western diet-induced NASH mice	[43]
	BG	●BG alleviated severe hepatic steatosis and liver damage and reduced the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and fibrotic-related genes in CCl4-induced NASH mice ●BG suppressed inflammatory responses by inhibiting a TLR4/NF-kB pathway in NASH mice	CCl4-induced NASH mice	[44]
	GBCK25	●GBCK25 reduced hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid accumulation, and fibrosis in Western diet-induced NASH mice and PA-stimulated hepatocytes and macrophages	PA-treated AML-12 and RAW264.7 Western diet-induced NASH mice	[45]
	20(S)-PPT	●20(S)-PPT inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in primary bone BMDMs, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes ●20(S)-PPT attenuated liver inflammation and fibrosis and restored liver function in NASH mice and in primary BMDMs, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes	MCD diet-induced NASH mice Mouse primary BMDMs, Kupffer cells, hepatocytes	[46]