. 2024 Jan 3;48(2):140–148. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.006

Table 1.

Summary of ginsenoside production in microbial cell factories.

Classification	Synthetic metabolic engineering strategies	Products	Titer	Cultivation condition	Host strain	Ref
Protopanaxadiol (PPD)-Type	ERG1, DDS, ATR2-1, PgUGT1, tHMG1, UPC2-1	CK	802.1 μg L⁻¹	Shake-flask	S. cerevisiae	[69]
	ERG20, ERG9, ERG1, PgDDS, PgPPDS-AtCPR1, tHMG1 ERG12, ERG13, MVD1, ERG8, IDI1, ERG10 INO2, UPC2-1	PPD	15.88 g L⁻¹	Fed-batch	S. cerevisiae	[72]
	tHMG1, PgDS, PgUGT74AE2	3β-O-Glc-DM	2.4 g L⁻¹	Fed-batch	S. cerevisiae	[73]
	tHMG1, PgDS, PgUGT1	20S–O-Glc-DM	5.6 g L⁻¹	Fed-batch	S. cerevisiae	[73]
	PgDS, tHMG1, PgPPDS, AtATR2, PgUGT1, UGT74AE2, IDI1, ERG20, ERG9, ERG1, ERG7, HAC1, PGM1, PGM2, UGP1	F2	21.0 mg L⁻¹	Shake-flask	S. cerevisiae	[74]
	PgDS, tHMG1, PgUGT1, IDI1, ERG20, ERG9, ERG1, ERG7, INO2, PGM1, PGM2, UGP1	3β,20S-Di-O-Glc-DM	2.6 g L⁻¹	Fed-batch	S. cerevisiae	[74]
	ERG20, tHMG1, AtCYPOR1, AtCYPOR1, PgDS, PgPPDS, PgCPR5	PPD	17.31 mg L⁻¹	Shake-flask	S. cerevisiae	[78]
	PgDS, ERG1, tHMG1, ERG20, ERG9, PgPPDS-AtATR1(1–46)	PPD	1436.6 mg L⁻¹	Fed-batch	S. cerevisiae	[79]
	PgDDS, ERG1	DM	0.10 mg g DCW⁻¹	Not reported	P. pastoris	[98]
	PgDDS, PgPPDS, ATR2.1, tHMG1, ERG20, PgERG1, ERG9, PgUGT45	Rh2	1.45 μmol g DCW⁻¹	Shake-flask	S. cerevisiae	[67]
	PgDDS, PgPPDS, ATR2.1, tHMG1, ERG20, PgERG1, ERG9, PgUGT45, PgUGT29	Rg3	3.49 μmol g DCW⁻¹	Shake-flask	S. cerevisiae	[67]
	PGM2, UGP1, PgUGT1	CK	1.7 g L⁻¹	Fed-batch	S. cerevisiae	[81]
	tHMG1, PgCPR1, ERG1, ERG20, ERG9, PgDDS, PgPPDS, ERG12, ERG13, ERG8, ERG19, IDI, ERG10, PgUGT1, UGP1, PGM2, YNK1, ALG5	CK	5.74 g L⁻¹	Fed-batch	S. cerevisiae	[82]
	PgCPR1, ERG1, ERG20, ERG9, PgDDS, ERG12, ERG13, ERG8, ERG19, IDI, ERG10, tHMG1, PgPPDS, PnUGT50	Rh2	2.25 g L⁻¹	Fed-batch	S. cerevisiae	[83]
	ScIDI, ispA, ScERG9, McSqE, AtCPR, PgDS	DM	8.63 mg L⁻¹	Shake-flask	E. coli	[84]
	Microbacterium sp. Gsoil 167 BglG167b	LXXV	5.7 g	Not reported	E. coli	[85]
	PnUGT95	20(R)-CK	0.57 mg L⁻¹	Not reported	E. coli	[86]
	ERG20, tHMG1, AtCPR1, PgDS, PgPPDS, INO2	PPD	12.1 mg L⁻¹	Shake-flask	S. cerevisiae	[88,90]
	PEX11, PEX34, ERG9, PgERG1, PgDS, PTS2, tHMG1, PgPPDS, PTS1, PgCPR, ATG36	PPD	4 mg L⁻¹	Fed-batch	S. cerevisiae	[90]
Protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type	PnUGT95	20(R)-F1	6.48 mg L⁻¹	Not reported	E. coli	[86]
	ERG20, PgERG1, ERG9, tHMG1, CYP716A53v2, PgCPR1, PgUGT100	Rh1	98.2 mg L⁻¹	Shake-flask	S. cerevisiae	[99]
	ERG20, PgERG1, ERG9, tHMG1, CYP716A53v2, PgCPR1, PgUGT1	F1	42.1 mg L⁻¹	Shake-flask	S. cerevisiae	[99]
	CYP716A53v2, PgUGT71A54, PgURT94, RHM	Rg2	1.3 g L⁻¹	Fed-batch	S. cerevisiae	[68]
	CYP716A53v2, PgUGT71A53, PgUGT71A54, PgURT94, RHM	Re	3.6 g L⁻¹	Fed-batch	S. cerevisiae	[68]
Oleanolic acid (OA)-type	GgbAS, MtCPR, MtCYP716A12, tHMG1, ERG9, ERG1	OA	606.9 mg L⁻¹	Fed-batch	S. cerevisiae	[77]

Pg: Panax ginseng; Sc: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Pn: Panax notoginseng; Mc: Methylococcus capsulatus; Mt: Medicago truncatula; Gg: Glycyrrhiza glabra.