Fig. 4.

Effect of GrDENs in AP-1 signaling. HaCaT cells were pre-treated with GrDENs (2 × 10⁹ particles/mL) for 30 min, and the cells were then exposed to H₂O₂ for the indicated time in the figures. (A–C) Phosphorescence and total levels of AP-1 subunits, including c-jun (A and B) and c-fos (A and C), were determined by immunoblotting. (D–G) Phosphorescence and total levels of AP-1 pathway-related molecules such as ERK (D and E), JNK (D and F), and p38 (D and G) were detected with immunoblotting analysis. (H and I) Phosphorescence and total levels of NF-kB pathway-related molecule, p65 were detected with immunoblotting analysis. ImageJ was used to measure the band intensity, and the relative band intensity of phospho-proteins was normalized to the corresponding total proteins. Data in (B), (C), (E), (F), (G), and (I) are shown as mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments, and representative images are presented in (A), (D), and (H). ##p < 0.01, #p < 0.05 compared to the normal group (non-treatment), and *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared to the control group (H₂O₂ exposure group).