Fig. 5.

Effect of GrDENs on MEK1/2. (A and B) HaCaT cells were pre-treated with GrDENs (2 × 10⁹ particles/mL) for 30 min, and the cells were exposed to H₂O₂ for 5, 15, or 30 min. (C and D) The HaCaT cells were transfected with Myc-MEK2 for 24 h, and the cells were treated with GrDENs (0–2 × 10⁹ particles/mL) for an additional 24 h. Phosphorescence and total MEK1/2 levels were determined with immunoblotting, and β-actin was used as a loading control. ImageJ was used to measure the band intensity, and the relative band intensity of phospho-proteins was normalized to the corresponding total proteins. Data in (B) and (D) are presented as mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments, and representative images are presented in (A) and (C). ##p < 0.01 compared to the normal group (non-treatment), and *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared to the control group (H₂O₂ exposure or Myc-MEK2 overexpression group).