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. 2023 Dec 7;95(4):887–900. doi: 10.1038/s41390-023-02918-2

Table 2.

Overview of ESM uses in different studies.

References Condition Controls Device Prompt design Duration Number of daily prompts Number of items Compliance Incentives
Björling & Singh (2017)51 a Headache No Palm pilot M500 CD, random 21 days 7 5 72% $75
Borus et al. (2013)36 Type 1 diabetes No Palm Tungsten E2 Fixed event-contingent 14 days 4 NR 63% $100 for >75% compliance
Bray et al. (2010)52 Neuromuscular disorders No Palm Z22 Random signal-contingent 7 days 8 19 79% NR
Bray et al. (2017)53 Duchenne muscular dystrophy No Palm Z22 Random signal-contingent 7 days 8 19 70% NR
Bromberg et al. (2016)26 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis No Smartphone Fixed signal-contingent 1 month 3 9–14 66% Dependent on compliance
Bui et al. (2020)70 Asthma No Smartphone + wearable NR 1 week NR NR NR CD
Campbell et al. (2006)71 Asthma No Paper & pencil + wearable Interval-contingent 13–16 h 13-16 NR NR NR
Connelly et al. (2010)25 Headache No Palm device Time-contingent 14 days 3 14 84% Dependent on compliance
Connelly & Boorigie (2021)40 Migraine No Smartphone + wearable Time-contingent 28 days 4 11–12 68.9% Dependent on compliance
Cushing et al. (2019)32 Abdominal pain No Smartphone + wearable Time-contingent 14 days 4 45–61 76.3% Dependent on compliance
Cushing et al. (2021)72 Abdominal pain No Smartphone NR 14 days 4 NR 73% CD
Dougherty et al. (2022)35 Overweight/obesity No Smartphone Random signal-contingent, interval-contingent & event-contingent 16 days 4–6 10 56% (signal-contingent), 68.6% (interval-contingent) $100–$150
Dunton et al. (2016)73 Asthma No Smartphone + wearable Random signal-contingent & event-contingent 7 days CD NR 50.1% $100
Egbert et al. (2020)45 Overweight/ obesity No NR Random signal-contingent, event-contingent & interval-contingent 15 days NR 20 NR NR
Egbert et al. (2022)47 study 1 Overweight/ obesity No Mobile phone + phone calls NR 4 days 3 >4 74% NR
Egbert et al. (2022)47 study 2 Overweight/ obesity No Palm Pilot PDA Signal-contingent & event-contingent 15 days 3-5 NR 69% (signal-contingent) NR
Feller et al. (2021)54 22Q11DS 49 healthy controls Smartphone Semi-random signal-contingent 6 days 8 33-36 NR NR
Feller et al. (2022)42 22Q11DS 44 healthy controls Smartphone Semi-random signal-contingent 6 days 8 33-38 NR €90,- or 100 Fr.
Gevonden et al. (2015)57 Severe hearing impairment 18 healthy controls PsyMate Semi-random signal-contingent 8 days 10 NR NR €50,-
Ghriwati et al. (2020)27 Asthma No Smartphone + wearable Fixed signal-contingent 14 days 2 NR NR $25-$50
Glista et al. (2021)74 Hearing aids No Asus Zenpad 7 tablet Event-contingent 1 week 2 NR 82.4% CD
Goldschmidt et al. (2018)41 Overweight/ obesity No Smartphone Semi-random signal-contingent, event-contingent & interval-contingent 15 days 3-5 NR 23.3%-67.6% $50-$100
Hao et al. (2022)17 Asthma No Smartphone + wearable Random signal-contingent, interval-contingent & event-contingent 14 days NR NR NR NR
Heathcote et al. (2022)33 Childhood cancer survivors No Smartphone Semi-random signal-contingent 11 days 3 NR 83% Dependent on compliance
Helgeson et al. (2009)18 Type 1 diabetes No Palm pilot + blood glucose meter Fixed signal-contingent 4 days 6-9 NR CD $100
Jessup et al. (2017)28 Visual impairment No Smartphone Random signal-contingent 1 week 7 NR 69% NR
Kichline et al. (2019)75 Chronic abdominal pain No Smartphone + wearable Fixed signal-contingent 14 days 4 4 73% $40
Kolmodin MacDonell et al. (2016)76 Asthma No Smartphone Random signal-contingent 7 days + 7 days 3 NR NR $200
Kubiak et al. (2018)77 Obesity No Palm Tungsten E2 Random signal-contingent & event-contingent 7 days 4 NR CD CD
Lee et al. (2020)43 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis No iPad NR 8 weeks 1-2 NR 37.8–63% NR
MacDonell et al. (2012)46 Asthma No Phone Fixed signal-contingent & event-contingent 14 days 1-2 NR 78.5% (signal-contingent) $100 + raffle
Miadich et al. (2018)48 Asthma No Smartphone Fixed signal-contingent 2 weeks 2 1–6 CD NR
Mulvaney et al. (2012)56 Type 1 diabetes 46 type 1 diabetes, without ESM Phone calls Semi-random signal-contingent 20 days 2 4 CD NR
Mulvaney et al. (2018)38 Type 1 diabetes 14 type 1 diabetes, without ESM Smartphone Fixed signal-contingent & event-contingent 30 days 4 NR 64.17% $60–$100
Nap-van der Vlist (2021)31 Illnesses associated with fatigue No Smartphone Fixed signal-contingent 10–67 days 5 <27 42% NR
Psihogios et al. (2021)30 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia No Smartphone + wearable Fixed signal-contingent & event-contingent 28 days 3–4 2–9 79.5%-88.9% Dependent on compliance
Rancourt et al. (2015)49 Obesity No Royal Brand PDA Random signal-contingent 5 days 6 8 NR Study credits
Rofey et al. (2010)78 Obesity No Phone calls + wearable Random signal-contingent NR 2-4 NR 64.2% NR
Schurman & Friesen (2015)50 Chronic abdominal pain No Palm device Fixed signal-contingent 14 days 3 CD 86% NR
Shapira et al. (2020)58 Type 1 diabetes No Palm Tungsten E2 Fixed signal-contingent 2 weeks 4 12 72% (median) NR
Smith et al. (2021)55 Obesity 39 non-obese siblings Cell phone + wearable Interval-contingent 7 days 4-7 5 95.0% CD
Stinson et al. (2014)24 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis No Palm Tungsten W PDA Fixed signal-contingent 14 days 3 CD 78% NR
Sweenie et al. (2022)37 Asthma No Phone + wearable Fixed signal-contingent 21 days 4 12 67.5% $25 or $40
Tasian et al. (2019)39 a Nephrolithiasis No Phone Random signal-contingent 7 days 4 CD 85% NR
Teufel et al. (2018)29 Asthma No Smartphone + wearable Signal-contingent 2 months 1 8 20% $50 or $200
Valrie et al. (2019)34 Sickle cell disease No Smartphone + wearable Semi-fixed signal-contingent 4 weeks 2 6-10 81.87% $20 or $60
Warnick et al. (2020)79 Type 1 diabetes No Smartphone Fixed signal-contingent 10 days 3 4 43.80% $10
Zhang et al. (2022)15 Type 1 diabetes No Smartphone + blood glucose meter Fixed signal-contingent 30 days CD CD NR NR

aEstimated using the method described by Shi et al.23

CD Cannot determine, NR Not reported.