Table 1.
Risk factors for incident ICI-AKI.
| Risk factors | Author (reference) | N= | OR/HR a | 95% CI a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| combination ICIs therapy | Cortazar et al. (68) | 138 (ICI-AKI) 276 (control) |
3.88 | 2.21 to 6.81 |
| Abdelrahim et al. (73) | 1164 | 3.725, 6.305; 5.101, 9.041. | 1.144 to 12.134, 2.436 to 16.318; 1.554 to 16.745, 3.246 to 25.177. | |
| Caihong Liu et al. (74) | 27 studies | 2.45 | 1.40 to 4.31 | |
| cumulated doses of anti-PD-1 | Stein et al. (18) | 239 | NA | NA |
| ipilimumab | Abdelrahim et al. (73) | 1164 | 3.281; 4.096 | 1.213 to 8.873; 1.415 to 11.856 |
| Caihong Liu et al. (74) | 27 studies | 2.66 | 1.42 to 4.98 | |
| the addition of chemotherapy | Fei Liu et al. (59) | 85 randomized trials | NA | NA |
| older age | Caihong Liu et al. (74) | 27 studies | 1.01 | 1.00 to 1.03 |
| Xu et al. (76) | 127 studies | 1.055 | 1.016 to 1.097 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| hypertension | Meraz-Muñoz et al. (53) | 309 | 2.96 | 1.33 to 6.59 |
| diabetes | Guven et al. (51) | 252 | 2.042 | 0.923 to 4.518 |
| hypoproteinemia | 2.848 | 1.225 to 6.621 | ||
| Ji et al. (21) | 1615 | 1.62 | 1.17 to 2.23 | |
| anemia | 1.95 | 1.16 to 3.28 | ||
| CKD | Caihong Liu et al. (74) | 27 studies | 2.90 | 1.65 to 5.11 |
| Stein et al. (18) | 239 | NA | NA | |
| Guven et al. (51) | 252 | 3.385 | 1.510 to 7.588 | |
| Cancer stype | ||||
| RCC and urothelial carcinoma | Fei Liu et al. (59) | 85 randomized trials | NA | NA |
| a gynecologic malignancy | Koks et al. (55) | 676 | 3.91 | 1.55 to 9.85 |
| Concomitant drugs | ||||
| PPIs | Cortazar et al. (68) | 138 (ICI-AKI) 276 (control) |
2.85 | 1.81 to 4.48 |
| Abdelrahim et al. (73) | 1164 | 2.387; 2.355 | 1.328 to 4.291; 1.393 to 3.983 | |
| Caihong Liu et al. (74) | 27 studies | 2.23 | 1.88 to 2.64 | |
| Okamoto et al. (84) | 11 papers | 2.10 | 1.74 to 2.53 | |
| H2RAs | ||||
| NSAIDs | Caihong Liu et al. (74) | 27 studies | 2.61 | 1.90 to 3.57 |
| vitamin K antagonist fluindione | 6.48 | 2.72 to 15.46 | ||
| Espi Liu et al. (54) | 352 | 6.40 | 1.42 to 26.08 | |
| diuretic | Caihong Liu et al. (74) | 27 studies | 1.78 | 1.32 to 2.40 |
| Koks et al. (55) | 676 | 2.61 | 1.21 to 5.60 | |
| RAASi (ACEIs/ARBs) | Caihong Liu et al. (74) | 27 studies | 1.76 | 1.15 to 2.68 |
| Guven et al. (51) | 252 | 2.236 | 1.017 to 4.919 | |
| antibiotics | Seethapathy et al. (83) | 599 | NA | NA |
| lower baseline eGFR | Cortazar et al. (68) | 138 (ICI-AKI) 276 (control) |
1.99 | 1.43 to 2.76 |
| Gupta et al. (57) | 429(ICI-AKI) 429 (control) |
2.23; 2.62 | 1.35 to 3.68; 1.47 to 4.65. |
|
| extrarenal irAEs | Caihong Liu et al. (74) | 27 studies | 2.34 | 1.53 to 3.59 |
| Gupta et al. (57) | 429(ICI-AKI) 429 (control) |
2.07 | 1.53 to 2.78 | |
a
When the study type is original research, the value is the result of multivariable analysis.
OR, Odds Ratio; HR, Hazard Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; ICI-AKI, immune checkpoint inhibitors-associated acute kidney injury; ICIs, immune checkpoint inhibitors; PD-1, programmed cell death receptor-1; NA, not available; CKD, chronic kidney disease; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors; H2RAs, histamine H2-receptor antagonists; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; RAASi, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors; ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin-receptor blockers; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; irAEs, immune-related adverse events.