Fig. 2.

Reviewers’ judgments regarding each risk of bias item, presented as percentages for the 22 included studies using a modified version of the QuADS (2021). For items 1–13, a score was assigned for each criterion on the checklist using a four-point rating scale developed by Harrison et al. (2021), which are shown by the colors in the figure legend: red(0) = not reported; orange(1) = reported but inadequate; yellow(2) = reported and partially adequate; green(3) = points denote a low-risk of bias sufficiently reported and adequate. Item 14 was also included from the Jadad (1996) measure to assess for randomization using a three-point rating scale: red(0) = not reported; yellow(1) = item described as randomized but method not described or inappropriate; green(2) = described as randomized with appropriate method. The 14-item modified QuADS was not used as a means of study exclusion, but as an indicator of study quality across included studies (Color figure online)