Table 3.
Meta-analysis studies and outcomes
| Author (Year) | Con pre-N | Con post-N | Int pre-N | Int post-N |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parent anxiety | ||||
| Ciochoń (2022) | Con 1: NR, Con 2: NR | Con 1: 714, Con 2: 633 | NR | 427 |
| Dol et al. (2022) | 70 | 70 | 74 | 74 |
| Jareethum et al. (2008) | 34 | 29 | 34 | 32 |
| Jiao et al. (2019)† | 68 | 1 mo: 64, 3 mo: 60, 6 mo: 63 | 68 | 1 mo: 64, 3 mo: 56, 6 mo: 61 |
| Lennard et al. (2021) | 239 | 154 | 231 | 94 |
| Mogil et al. (2022) | 177 | 3 mo: NR, 6 mo: NR, 12 mo: NR^ | 172 | 3 mo: NR, 6 mo: NR, 12 mo: NR^ |
| Shorey et al. (2019) | 118 | 106 | 118 | 2 days PP: 106, 1 mo PP: 94, 3 mo PP: 88 |
| Zhang et al. (2023) | 80 | 0 mo: 80, 3 mo: 80, 4.5 mo: 80, 6 mo: 80, 9 mo: 80 | 80 | 0 mo: 80, 3 mo: 80, 4.5 mo: 80, 6 mo 80, 9 mo: 80 |
| Parent depression | ||||
| Baggett et al. (2010) | 20 | 19 | 20 | 19 |
| Ciochoń (2022) | Con 1: NR, Con 2: NR | Con 1: 714, Con 2: 633 | NR | 427 |
| Dol et al. (2022) | 70 | 70 | 74 | 74 |
| Huang et al. (2021) | 20 | 0 mo: 20, 3 mo: 18 | 20 | 0 mo: 20, 3 mo: 18 |
| Jiao et al. (2019)† | 68 | 1 mo: 64, 3 mo: 60, 6 mo: 63 | 68 | 1 mo: 64, 3 mo: 56, 6 mo 61 |
| Lennard et al. (2021) | 239 | 154 | 231 | 94 |
| Matvienko-Sikar and Dockray (2017) | 14 | 0 mo: 12 | 32 | 0 mo: 24 |
| Mogil et al. (2022) | 177 | 3 mo: NR, 6 mo: NR, 12 mo: NR^ | 172 | 3 mo: NR, 6 mo: NR, 12 mo: NR^ |
| Salonen et al. (2014) | 327 | 1.5 mo: 218, 6 mo: 208, 12 mo: 174 | 433 | 1.5 mo: 294, 6 mo: 293, 12 mo: 249 |
| Shorey et al. (2017) | 124 | 62 | 126 | 63 |
| Shorey et al. (2019) | 118 | 0 mo: 104, 1 mo: 100, 3 mo: 98 | 118 | 0 mo: 106, 1 mo: 94, 3 mo: 88 |
| Zhang et al. (2023) | 80 | 0 mo: 80, 3 mo: 80, 4.5 mo: 80, 6 mo: 80, 9 mo: 80 | 80 | 0 mo: 80, 3 mo: 80, 4.5 mo: 80, 6 mo: 80, 9 mo: 80 |
| Zuckerman et al. (2022) | 57 | 6 mo: 29 | 60 | 6 mo: 29 |
| Parent stress | ||||
| Breitenstein et al. (2021) | 143 | 3 mo: 135, 6 mo: 134, 12 mo: 132 | 144 | 3 mo: 120, 6 mo: 129, 12 mo: 124 |
| Ehrensaft et al. (2016) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 18 |
| Lennard et al. (2021) | 239 | 154 | 231 | 94 |
| Lindsay and Totsika (2017) | 1535 | 395 | 675 | 378 |
| Matvienko-Sikar and Dockray (2017) | 14 | 0 mo: 12 | 32 | 0 mo: 24 |
| Mogil et al. (2022) | 177 | 3 mo: NR, 6 mo: NR, 12 mo: NR^ | 172 | 3 mo: NR, 6 mo: NR, 12 mo: NR^ |
| Sawyer et al. (2017)† |
Con 1: 251 Con 2: 187 |
Con 1: 9 mo PP: 250; 15 mo PP: 247; 21 mo PP: 240 Con 2: 9 mo PP: 183; 15 mo PP: 180; 21 mo PP: 177 |
Int 1: 240 Int 2: 141 |
Int 1: 9 mo PP: 233; 15 mo PP: 231; 21 mo PP: 216 Int 2: 9 mo PP: 128; 15 mo PP: 125; 21 mo PP: 120 |
| Song et al. (2022) | 25 | 4wk.: 25, 8wk.: 25 | 20 | 4wk.: 20, 8wk.: 20 |
| Zuckerman et al. (2022) | 57 | 6 mo: 29 | 60 | 6 mo: 29 |
| Parent satisfaction | ||||
| Jareethum et al. (2008) | 34 | 29 | 34 | 32 |
| Lindsay and Totsika (2017) | 1535 | 395 | 675 | 378 |
| Salonen et al. (2014) | 327 | 1.5 mo: 218, 6 mo: 208, 12 mo: 174 | 433 | 1.5 mo: 294, 6 mo: 293, 12 mo: 249 |
| Shorey et al. (2017) | 124 | 62 | 126 | 63 |
| Shorey et al. (2019) | 118 | 2 days PP: 104, 1 mo PP: 100, 3 mo PP: 98 | 118 | 2 days PP: 106, 1 mo: 94, 3 mo: 88 |
| Parent self-efficacy | ||||
| Breitenstein et al. (2021) | 143 | 3 mo: 135, 6 mo: 134, 12 mo: 132 | 144 | 3 mo: 120, 6 mo: 129, 12 mo: 124 |
| Dol et al. (2022) | 88 | 70 | 83 | 76 |
| Huang et al. (2021) | 20 | 0 mo: 20, 3 mo: 18 | 20 | 0 mo: 20, 3 mo: 18 |
| Jiao et al. (2019)† | 68 | 1 mo: 64, 3 mo: 60, 6 mo: 63 | 68 | 1 mo: 64, 3 mo: 56, 6 mo: 61 |
| Lindsay and Totsika (2017) | 1535 | 395 | 675 | 378 |
| Sari and Altay (2020) | 37 | 36 | 37 | 35 |
| Shorey et al. (2017) | 124 | 62 | 126 | 63 |
| Shorey et al. (2019) | 118 | 2 days PP: 104, 1 mo PP: 100, 3 mo PP: 98 | 118 | 2 days PP: 106, 1 mo: 94, 3 mo: 88 |
| Song et al. (2022) | 25 | 1 mo: 25, 2 mo: 25 | 20 | 1 mo: 20, 2 mo: 20 |
| Parent social support | ||||
| Dol et al. (2022) | 70 | 70 | 74 | 74 |
| Huang et al. (2021) | 20 | 0 mo: 20, 3 mo: 18 | 20 | 0 mo: 20, 3 mo: 18 |
| Jiao et al. (2019)† | 68 | 1 mo: 64, 3 mo: 60, 6 mo: 63 | 68 | 1 mo: 64, 3 mo: 56, 6 mo: 61 |
| Sawyer et al. (2017)† |
Con 1: 251 Con 2: 187 |
Con 1: 9 mo PP: 250; 15 mo PP: 247; 21 mo PP: 240 Con 2: 9 mo PP: 183; 15 mo PP: 180; 21 mo PP: 177 |
Int 1: 240 Int 2: 141 |
Int 1: 9 mo PP: 233; 15 mo PP: 231; 21 mo PP: 216 Int 2: 9 mo PP: 128; 15 mo PP: 125; 21 mo PP: 120 |
| Shorey et al. (2017) | 124 | 62 | 126 | 63 |
| Shorey et al. (2019) | 118 | 2 days PP: 104, 1 mo PP: 100, 3 mo PP: 98 | 118 | 2 days PP: 106, 1 mo: 94, 3 mo: 88 |
| Song et al. (2022) | 25 | 1 mo: 25, 2 mo: 25 | 20 | 1 mo: 20, 2 mo: 20 |
| Parent–child interaction | ||||
| Baggett et al. (2010) | 20 | 19 | 20 | 19 |
| Breitenstein et al. (2021) | 143 | 3 mo: 135, 6 mo: 134, 12 mo: 132 | 144 | 3 mo: 120, 6 mo: 129, 12 mo: 124 |
| Ehrensaft et al. (2016) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 18 |
| Mogil et al. (2022) | 177 | 3 mo: NR, 6 mo: NR, 12 mo: NR^ | 172 | 3 mo: NR, 6 mo: NR, 12 mo: NR^ |
| Na and Chia (2008) | 410 | 0 mo: 273 | 411 | 0 mo: 145 |
| Park and Bang (2022) | 18 | 17 | 18 | 15 |
Unpublished study. †Study included a comparison between face-to-face and online program delivery methods; ^Sample retention data reported at the family level only; 3 mo = 92 families; 6 mo = 91 families; 12 mo = 94 families; Con control; f/u follow-up; Int intervention; L1 level 1; Online course only; L2 level 2; Online course plus group workshops; L3 level 3; NR not reported; Online course, group workshops, plus individual support; mo months; PP postpartum; Pre pre-intervention; Post post-intervention; wk weeks