Skip to main content
. 2023 Mar 1;34(1):250–276. doi: 10.1007/s11065-023-09580-9

Table 2.

Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis

Study Exp Study design Sample size Age (M, SD) Gender (M/F) Cognitive tasks Cognitive domains Outcome measures
A C
Allen et al. (2014) 1 Cross-over 16 16 27.4 (3.6) 11/5 Conscious detection task Pe AC, RT
Amiaz et al. (2011) Parallel 10 10

A: 23.7 (3.1)

C: 24.5 (3.6)

9/11 Filling-in task Pe AC
Baeken et al. (2012) Cross-over 18 18

LDLPFC: 21.2 (1.4)

RDLPFC: 24.5 (2.9)

0/18 Fitts’ paradigm Mo RT
Bagherzadeh et al. (2016) Parallel 15 15 A: 39.1 (4.1) 10/20

CANTAB:

DSP, S2B, PRM,

SRM, SSP, SOC

EF, Me AC, RT
C: 34.5 (3.4)
Banissy et al. (2010) 1 Cross-over 10 10 20–30 4/6 Emotion discrimination task Pe AC, RT
2 Cross-over 10 10 20–35 5/5 Identity discrimination task Pe AC, RT
3 Cross-over 6 6 21–36 4/2 Nonverbal auditory emotion recognition Pe AC
Barr et al. (2009) Parallel 11 11 34.2 (7.2) 11/11 0-back, 1-back, 2-back, 3-back At, EF AC, RT
Chakraborty et al. (2021) Cross-over 15 15 27 (3.0) 8/7 Multiple object tracking At AC
Chechlacz et al. (2015) Cross-over 30 30 26.2 (4.9) 13/17 Free visual exploration task At RT
Cheng et al. (2013) Cross-over 11 11

A: 24 (5.4)

C: 22.6 (5.2)

7/13 Order and quantity tasks Pe RT
Choi et al. (2016) Parallel 12 8 26.5 (4.6) 8/12 Sensory discrimination measurement Mo AC, RT
Chung et al. (2018) Cross-over 18 18 25.6 (7.0) 8/10 2-back task, 3-back task EF AC
Clerget et al. (2011) Parallel 12 12 25.1 (3.5) 18/6 Motor sequency experiment Mo AC, RT
De Raedt et al. (2010) Cross-over 16 16 - 0/19 Exogenous cueing task (ECT) At RT
Parallel 19 17 - 0/32 ECT At RT
Deng et al. (2022) Cross-over 22 22 21 (2.4) 12/18 Change detection task EF AC
Dietrich et al. (2018) Parallel 18 18

A: 30.4 (9.0)

C: 29.2 (11.2)

36/0 Sentence repetition task La AC
Galea et al. (2010) Parallel LDLPFC: 10, 10 LDLPFC: 23.1 (3.7), 15/15 Serial reaction time task Me AC, RT
RDLPFC: 10

RDLPFC: 23.3 (3.1)

C: 24.5 (4.3)

Gao et al. (2021) 2 Cross-over 16 16 21.13 (1.9) 9/7 Stroop, Associative memory test At, EF, Me AC, RT
Gaudeau-Bosma et al. (2013) Parallel 9 10 31.6 (10.6) 11/8 0-back, 1-back, 2-back, 3-back At, EF AC
Huang et al. (2004) Cross-over 24 24 27.0 (4.7) 12/12 Go/NoGo task EF RT
Ji et al. (2019) 1 Cross-over 5 Hz: 20 20 9/11 EF RT

25 Hz: 20

iTBS: 20

Stop signal task

(SST)

21.6 (1.0)
2 Cross-over 18 18 22.1 (2.5) 13/5 SST EF RT
Kaderali et al. (2015) 2 Cross-over 8 8 - - Achromatic and chromatic motion discrimination task Pe AC
3 Cross-over 8 8 - - Chromatic and achromatic detection task Pe AC
Kalla et al. (2009) Cross-over 12 12 28.3 8/4 Visual search task Pe AC
Kazemi et al. (2020) Cross-over

6 Hz: 10

8 Hz: 8

20 32.47 (11.0) 13/7 Rapid visual information processing task At AC, RT
Kim et al. (2012) Parallel 8 8 63.13 (4.9) - Stroop task At, EF AC, RT
Kim et al. (2020) Parallel 14 13 27.26 (2.4) 16/11 Auditory continuous performance test (CPT), visual CPT At RT
Leyman et al. (2009) 1 Cross-over 17 17 21.1 (1.5) 0/17 Negative Affective Priming (NAP) task EF RT
2 Cross-over 22 22 24 (2.3) 0/22 NAP EF RT
Li et al. (2017) Parallel 25 25 26.8 (1.4) 24/26 Stroop task At, EF AC, RT
Li et al. (2021) Parallel 33 33

A: 25.8 (2.4)

C: 25.6 (2.4)

36/30 0-back, 1-back, 2-back, Stroop EF AC, RT
Liang et al. (2021) Parallel

LpSTS: 38,

LDLPFC: 35

36 21.4 (2.5) 50/59 Self-matching task At, EF AC, RT
Meehan et al. (2013) 1 Parallel 11 11

A: 24.0 (2.9)

C: 23.0 (2.3)

A: 6/5

C: 8/3

Continuous tracking task Mo AC, RT
Morgan et al. (2013) Cross-over 17 17 25.0 - Orientation task, Colour task, Dual task EF AC, RT
Palaus et al. (2020) Parallel 14 13 29.4 (6.3) 13/14 Reaction time tasks, Raven’s progressive matrices, 3-back, Mental rotation task, Digit span tasks, Stop-switching task At, EF, Pe AC, RT
Pearce et al. (2014) Parallel 10 10 27.4 (7.4) 10/10 Spatial working memory EF AC, RT
Pinto et al. (2018) Parallel iTBS:10, cTBS:10, iTBS:10, cTBS:10 10 22.8 (2.0) 20/31 Oddball paradigm At RT
Pinto et al. (2021) Parallel iTBS: 9, cTBS: 9 10 22.6 (2.3) 16/12 Oddball task, Trial making test, Stroop At, EF AC
Rahnev et al. (2013) 2 Cross-over 9 9 19–26 3/6 Perceptual discrimination task Pe AC
Schaller et al. (2013) Parallel 21 17

A: 24.4 (2.7)

C: 24.1 (2.9)

38/0 VFT, RFFT TAP: alertness, go/no-go, divided attention, working memory, flexibility At, EF AC, RT
Tambini et al. (2017) Cross-over 22 22 20.7 5/17 Memory test Me AC
Tomlinson et al. (2014) 1 Cross-over 10 10 19–35 3/7

Aiming task

Memory task

Me AC
2 Cross-over 13 13 18–29 4/9 Memory task Me RT
2 Cross-over 9 9 22–43 4/5 SVFP EF RT
Vanbellingen et al. (2020) Cross-over 31 31 33.4 (14.4) 23/23 TULIA, Postural imitation test Mo AC
Vanderhasselt et al. (2006) Cross-over 28 28 23 (4.4) 0/28 Stroop task At, EF RT
Vanderhasselt et al. (2007) Cross-over 20 20 24 (2.6) 0/20 Stroop task At, EF RT
Vanderhasselt et al. (2010) Cross-over 20 20 27.7 (2.7) 0/20 Reaction task At RT
Varnava et al. (2013) Cross-over 24 24 23.7 (3.7) 12/12 Line bisection task, Landmark task Pe RT
Vékony et al. (2018) Parallel

cTBS: 17

iTBS: 18

16

cTBS: 24.2 (2.8)

iTBS: 25.3 (2.7)

C: 21.3 (2.3)

cTBS: 11/6

iTBS: 10/8

C: 4/12

1-back, 2-back, 3-back EF AC
Vidal-Pineiro et al. (2014) Parallel 12 12 71.8 (6.8) 12/12 Episodic memory task Me AC
Wang and Voss (2015) Parallel 8 8 20–32 7/9 Face-cued word recall testing Me AC
Wang et al. (2020) Parallel

20 Hz: 29

iTBS: 20

29

A: 24 (2.6)

C: 22.4 (2.2)

A: 29/29

C: 16/13

Game of dice task, Risky gains task EF AC
Wu et al. (2021) Parallel

20 Hz: 20

iTBS: 20

20

20 Hz: 23.8 (3.4),

iTBS: 23.9 (2.8),

C: 23.5 (3.0)

34/26

0-back, 1-back, 2-back

3-back, Wisconsin card sorting test

At, EF AC, RT
Yang et al. (2018a) Cross-over 23 23 23.6 (3.0) 23/0 Adjusting amount task, Information sampling task (IST) SST, IST EF AC
Yang et al. (2018b) Cross-over 20 20 21.8 (1.9) 20/0 Nine-hole peg test, EF AC, RT
Zhang & Fong (2019) Parallel 6 6

A: 25.3 (2.0),

C: 26.3 (2.3)

A: 3/3,

C: 4/2

Minnesota dexterity,

Purdue pegboard test, Two-ball rotation task

Mo AC
Zito et al. (2021) Cross-over 20 20 27.2 (3.3) 10/10 Agency task EF AC

A Active condition; C Control condition; LDLPFC Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; RDLPFC Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; cTBS continuous theta-burst stimulation; iTBS Intermittent theta-burst stimulation; CANTAB Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery; DSP Digit Span Task; S2B Spatial 2-back task; PRM Pattern Recognition Memory Task; SRM Spatial Recognition Memory Task; SSP Spatial Span Task; SOC Stockings of Cambridge task; ECT Exogenous cueing task; SST Stop Signal Task; CPT Continuous performance test; NAP Negative Affective Priming; VFT Verbal fluency tasks; RFFT Ruff Figural Fluency Test; SVFP Standard variable foreperiod paradigm; TAP Test for attentional performance; TULIA a validated, comprehensive test for gesture production; IST Information Sampling Task; At Attention; Pe Perception; Mo Motor; Me Memory; La Language; EF Executive function; AC accuracy; RT Reaction time