Table 2.

Biocultural lenses from Hanspach et al. (2020) that were used as the basis for coding

Biocultural lens	Short description
Biocultural diversity	Conceptualizes or describes the tight coupling between humans and their environment through the concept of biocultural diversity
Biocultural conservation	Focuses on the conservation of biocultural diversity or of nature with biocultural methods
Biocultural landscape and natural resource management	Emphasizes a spatial perspective of the tight coupling of humans and their environments
Biocultural history and heritage	Highlights the temporal dimension and outcomes of the long history of human–environment interactions
Biocultural knowledge and memory	Focuses on knowledge, practices, beliefs and values as expressions of biocultural diversity
Biocultural ethics, rights and sovereignty	Emphasizes issues around justice, rights and sovereignty of local or Indigenous people
Biocultural restoration, transformation and design	Focuses on the use of biocultural approaches to guide and implement change towards desirable futures