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. 2024 Mar 7;14:5669. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-56186-z

Table 2.

Description of pre- and post-squatting exercise systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and sociodermographics by sex of the participants.

Variables Mean ± standard deviation T Degree of freedom p  value Mean Difference 95% confidence interval of the difference
Male (N = 35) Female (N = 40) Lower Upper
Pre-exercise systolic blood pressure in lying 116 ± 9 108 ± 7 4.51 64.72 < 0.01 8.94 4.98 12.90
Pre-exercise diastolic blood pressure in lying 78 ± 8 76 ± 7 1.28 69.33 0.20 2.25 − 1.25 5.74
Pre-exercise heart rate in lying 80 ± 7 82 ± 7 − 1.10 71.86 0.28 − 1.88 − 5.28 1.53
Pre-exercise systolic blood pressure in standing 117 ± 12 106 ± 7 4.85 52.89 < 0.01 11.35 6.65 16.04
Pre-exercise diastolic blood pressure in standing 79 ± 9 75 ± 7 1.94 63.09 0.06 3.46 − 0.11 7.04
Pre-exercise heart rate in standing 84 ± 8 88 ± 8 − 1.92 71.77 0.06 − 3.52 − 7.18 0.13
Post-exercise in squatting
 Systolic blood pressure first minute 134 ± 14 119 ± 10 5.48 61.59 < 0.01 15.34 9.74 20.93
 Systolic blood pressure second minute 132 ± 14 121 ± 10 3.72 56.81 < 0.01 10.86 5.01 16.71
 Diastolic blood pressure first minute 92 ± 12 87 ± 14 1.86 72.82 0.07 5.59 − 0.40 11.57
 Diastolic blood pressure second minute 91 ± 11 85 ± 14 1.89 68.76 0.06 5.75 − 0.31 11.81
 Heart rate first minute 103 ± 13 104 ± 15 − 0.11 72.97 0.91 − 0.37 − 6.93 6.19
 Heart rate second minute 103 ± 14 106 ± 16 − 0.93 68.96 0.36 − 3.28 − 10.32 3.77
Post-exercise in standing
 Systolic blood pressure first minute 133 ± 18 120 ± 10 3.54 51.37  < 0.01 12.17 5.27 19.07
 Systolic blood pressure second minute 130 ± 13 118 ± 10 4.57 61.24  < 0.01 12.55 7.06 18.04
 Diastolic blood pressure first minute 92 ± 14 88 ± 13 1.20 68.12 0.23 3.80 − 2.51 10.11
 Diastolic blood pressure second minute 92 ± 13 84 ± 14 2.31 68.96 0.02 7.31 0.99 13.63
 Heart rate first minute 107 ± 11 110 ± 12 − 0.80 72.66 0.43 − 2.07 − 7.23 3.10
 Heart rate second minute 105 ± 11 106 ± 16 − 0.40 67.09 0.69 − 1.30 − 7.75 5.16
Age (Years) 23 ± 2 22 ± 2 1.48 72.98 0.15 0.67 − 0.24 1.57
 Weight (kg) 76 ± 9.37 61.68 ± 10.01 6.40 72.65 0.01 14.33 9.86 18.79
 Height (m) 1.75 ± 0.07 1.66 ± 0.07 5.84 70.17 0.01 0.09 0.06 0.13
 Body mass index (kg/m2) 24.69 ± 2.42 22.30 ± 2.93 3.87 72.77 0.01 2.39 1.16 3.62