. 2024 Mar 8;14:5692. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54307-2

Table 3.

Growth characteristics of Chinese cabbage affected by the pH of rice husk biochar and different nitrogen rates.

Treatments		Fresh weight (kg plant⁻¹)	Moisture content (%)	Head		Leaf			TN (%)
Treatments		Fresh weight (kg plant⁻¹)	Moisture content (%)	Height (cm)	Width (cm)	Length (cm)	Width (cm)	Chlorophyll content (SPAD)	TN (%)
Control		0.70 ± 0.14f.	90.51 ± 2.21^a	15.10 ± 2.43^b	6.93 ± 1.43^c	24.91 ± 0.68^c	15.34 ± 0.17^b	19.32 ± 3.01^c	2.62 ± 0.08^b
N_0.5		2.41 ± 0.10^e	91.20 ± 0.81^a	22.63 ± 2.80^a	12.30 ± 0.36^b	33.26 ± 0.57^ab	22.59 ± 0.81^a	25.15 ± 1.11^b	2.51 ± 0.19^b
N_1.0		3.08 ± 0.73^d	92.80 ± 2.12^a	23.53 ± 4.18^a	13.73 ± 0.56^b	33.20 ± 2.16^ab	23.02 ± 2.54^a	29.95 ± 4.90^ab	2.52 ± 0.26^b
N_2.0		3.40 ± 0.25^c	93.11 ± 0.62^a	24.97 ± 2.25^a	15.33 ± 1.33^a	34.81 ± 1.15^ab	24.90 ± 0.16^a	30.51 ± 1.41^ab	2.55 ± 0.03^b
AB	N_0.5	2.63 ± 0.24^e	92.11 ± 1.52^a	22.47 ± 0.70^a	12.27 ± 0.59^b	31.52 ± 0.93^b	22.93 ± 0.37^a	32.37 ± 0.73^a	3.68 ± 0.01^a
	N_1.0	3.17 ± 0.09^cd	92.44 ± 0.82^a	23.03 ± 0.83^a	13.73 ± 0.67^b	33.23 ± 1.81^ab	23.08 ± 1.49^a	33.71 ± 1.82^a	3.71 ± 0.04^a
	N_2.0	3.63 ± 0.23^ab	92.08 ± 1.26^a	24.53 ± 1.50^a	15.70 ± 0.87^a	33.91 ± 1.30^ab	24.98 ± 2.10^a	30.37 ± 1.44^ab	3.70 ± 0.02^a
NB	N_0.5	2.67 ± 0.18^e	91.16 ± 0.87^a	22.40 ± 2.10^a	12.77 ± 0.78^b	32.32 ± 1.50^ab	22.38 ± 0.73^a	35.19 ± 5.76^a	3.69 ± 0.05^a
	N_1.0	3.30 ± 0.37^c	91.90 ± 1.32^a	24.07 ± 2.19^a	13.87 ± 1.96^b	33.27 ± 2.40^ab	24.09 ± 2.96^a	34.76 ± 3.08^a	3.69 ± 0.06^a
	N_2.0	3.89 ± 0.24^a	91.32 ± 0.69^a	25.63 ± 2.00^a	16.13 ± 0.83^a	35.28 ± 0.97^a	24.65 ± 1.25^a	32.43 ± 4.56^a	3.65 ± 0.04^a
BB	N_0.5	2.73 ± 0.11^e	90.09 ± 0.75^a	23.20 ± 2.08^a	12.63 ± 1.45^b	32.63 ± 1.30^ab	22.21 ± 0.95^a	31.28 ± 2.73^ab	3.67 ± 0.11^a
	N_1.0	3.52 ± 0.17^b	91.42 ± 1.15^a	24.93 ± 1.81^a	15.17 ± 0.21^a	35.72 ± 0.67^a	24.37 ± 0.68^a	30.55 ± 1.30^ab	3.65 ± 0.14^a
	N_2.0	4.00 ± 0.54^a	91.34 ± 0.47^a	25.87 ± 0.42^a	16.70 ± 0.87^a	36.08 ± 0.75^a	24.49 ± 1.21^a	34.84 ± 3.10^a	3.66 ± 0.04^a
p-value		**	***	**	**	***	**	**	***

N_0.5, 160 kg N ha⁻¹; N_1.0, 320 kg N ha⁻¹; N_2.0, 640 kg N ha⁻¹.

AB acidic (pH 6.1) rice husk biochar, NB neutral (pH 7.1) rice husk biochar, BB basic (pH 11.0) rice husk biochar, TN total nitrogen.

*, **, and *** are used to indicate statistically significant differences at the p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively.

^a^–fEach value with different letters within a column are significantly different from each other as determined by Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05).