. 2024 Feb 14;30(6):579–598. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i6.579

Table 2.

Characteristics of the included studies that assessed the diagnostic test accuracy of the ¹⁴C-urea breath test

Ref.	Country	Design	Population, n	Prevalence (%)	Reference standard	Index test (model)	Optimal cut-off	Urea dosing (μCi)	Time after administration (min)	Measurement tecnique	TP	TN	FP	FN
Han et al[30], 2023	China	Cross-sectional	205	42.4	HE and RUT	¹⁴C-UBT	100 dpm	0.75	20	SC	83	3	115	4
Wang et al[29], 2021	China	Cross-sectional	267	71.9	HE	¹⁴C-UBT	238 dpm	0.75	25	NR	158	12	63	34
Miftahussurur[69], 2021	Indonesia	Cross-sectional	55	23.6	HE	¹⁴C-UBT	57 cpm	1	10	HA	12	1	41	1
Cosgun et al[70], 2016	Turkey	Cross-sectional	126	92.1	HpC or HE	¹⁴C-UBT	NR	1	10	HA	112	7	3	4
Atli et al[71], 2012	Turkey	Cross-sectional	100	35.0	HE	¹⁴C-UBT	Positive: > 50 cpm/suspicious: 25-50 cpm /negative: < 25 dpm	1	10	HA	32	4	61	3
Alarcón-Rivera et al[72], 2011	Mexico	Cross-sectional	84	70.2	HE	¹⁴C-UBT	Positive: > 50 ppm/indeterminate: 25-50 ppm/negative: < 25 ppm	1	10-15	HA	56	1	24	3
Mansour-Ghanaei et al[73], 2011	Iran	Cross-sectional	125	56.8	HE, RUT, Serology (at least two positive)	¹⁴C-UBT	50 cpm	1	15	HA	67	0	54	4
Ozdemir et al[74], 2008	Turkey	Cross-sectional	89	66.3	HE, RUT, PCR (at least two positive)	¹⁴C-UBT	Positive: > 50 cpm/equivocal: 25-50 cpm; negative: < 25 dpm	1	10	HA	57	0	30	2
Rasool et al[75], 2007	Pakistan	Cross-sectional	94	64.9	RUT	¹⁴C-UBT	50 cpm	1	10	β-SC	60	3	30	1
Gurbuz et al[76], 2005	Turkey	Cross-sectional	65	44.6	HE	¹⁴C-UBT	Positive: > 50 cpm/suspicious: 25-50 cpm /negative: < 25 dpm	1	10	HA	26	8	28	3
Gatta et al[31], 2003	Italy	Cross-sectional	117	65.0	HpC or (HE and RUT)	¹⁴C-UBT	130-136 dpm (dpm at sample-dpm at T0)	1	12.5	LSC	73	2	39	3
González et al[77], 2003	Chile	Cross-sectional	NR	71.9	Two or more positives	¹⁴C-UBT	200 dpm	1	10	LSC	61	14	11	3
Oztürk et al[78], 2009	Turkey	Cross-sectional	75	65.8	HE	¹⁴C-UBT	100 dpm	1	10	LSC	48	5	20	0
Gomes et al[79], 2002	Brazil	Cross-sectional	137	83.9	HE and RUT	¹⁴C-UBT	1000 cpm	5	15	LSC	114	1	21	1
Desroches et al[80], 1997	Canada	Cross-sectional	56	80.4	HE or HpC	¹⁴C-UBT	0.33‰ AS (¹⁴CO₂ specific activity)	5	20	LSC	44	0	11	1
Allardyce et al[81], 1997	New Zealand	Cross-sectional	63	34.9	HE and RUT	¹⁴C-UBT	49 dpm	1	30	β-SC	22	2	39	0
Faigel et al[82], 1996	United States	Cross-sectional	50	42.6	HE or RUT	¹⁴C-UBT	Positive: > 200 dpm in any sample/borderline: 100-200 dpm (as the peak count)/negative: < 100 dpm (in all samples)	1	Multiple times	LSC	18	1	26	2
Goh et al[83], 1995	Malaysia	Cross-sectional	63	50.8	HpC or [HE and (RUT or Gram staining)]	¹⁴C-UBT	1275 dpm	5	15	LSC	32	0	31	0
Kao et al[84], 1993	China	Cross-sectional	184	53.8	HpC or RUT	¹⁴C-UBT	150‰	5	10	LSC	99	14	71	0
Vivas et al[85], 1993	Venezuela	Cross-sectional	15	53.3	HE	¹⁴C-UBT	100 dpm	1	20	β-SC	8	1	6	0
Novis et al[28], 1991	Israel	Cross-sectional	64	80.3	HE	¹⁴C-UBT	4,7‰	10	Multiple times	LSC	59	3	12	2

CLO: Campylobacter-like organism; HA: Heliprobe Analyser; HE: histopathological examination; HpC: Helicobacter pylori culture; LSC: Liquid scintillation counting; NR: Not reported; RUT: Rapid urease test; SC: Solid scintillation counting; UBT: Urea breath test; β-SC: Beta-scintillation counting.