Table 1.
Protective effects of herbal medicine formulas on cardiovascular diseases.
| Extracts | Main compositions | Animal/cells | Models | Dose/Concentration | Effects | Related molecular targets |
Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Up-regulation | Down-regulation | |||||||
| DQ | Chinese herbs Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Panax notoginseng | SD rats | LAD-induced ischemic | 1.5 g/kg | Improving heart function and production of ATP; Protecting structure of heart | AMPK, Sirt1, PGC-1α | – | [144] |
| DQ | SD rats | LAD-induced HF | 1.5 g/kg | Improving cardiac function; Increasing the information of autophagosomes | Beclin1, Atg3, AMPK | mTOR, ULK1 | [145] | |
| TXL | Radix ginseng, Buthus martensi, Hirudo, Eupolyphaga seusteleophage, Scolopendra subspinipes, Periostracum cicadae, etc. | SD rats | LAD-induced MI | 4 mg/kg/day | Increasing ejection fraction and cardiac function; Reducing myocardial infarction, fibrosis, inflammation and apoptosis | AMPK, Bcl-2 | mTOR, Bax | [146] |
| XFZY | Chinese Angelica, Dried Rehmannia root, Peachseed, Safflower, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Radix Bupleuri, etc. | SD Rats, H9c2 cells | H/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury | 4.5, 9, 18, 36, 72 mg/mL | Inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy of cardiomyocytes | mTOR | AMPK, Beclin1 | [147] |
| XFZYOL | H9c2 cells | Cobalt chloride induced H9c2 ischemic | Reducing apoptosis | Sirt1 | FOXO1, FOXO3, NF-κB | [148] | ||
| LGZG | Poria cocos, Neolitsea cassia, Glycyrrhiza and Atractylodes | SD rats | LAD-induced HF | 5.4 g/kg | Improving the cardiac function; Enhancing myocardial antioxidant capacity | Sirt1, AMPK, PGC-1α | – | [149] |
| SFF | Panax Ginseng and Radix Aconitum carmichaelii | C57 mice | TAC-induced HF | 2.5, 5, 10 g/day | Protecting myocardial contraction and diastolic function; Alleviating myocardial necrosis, fibrosis and hypertrophy | AMPKα, PGC-1α, GLUT4, PPARα | – | [150] |
| NX | Red ginseng, Coicis Semen, Citri Exocarpium Rubrum and Radix aconiti lateralis preparata | C57BL/6J mice, H9c2 cells | TAC-induced HF | 0.64 g/kg | Improving cardiac function; Inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress; Protecting mitochondrial function | AMPK, Bcl-2 | Bax, JNK | [151] |
SD: Sprague Dawley; DQ: Danqi tablet; TXL: Tongxinluo capsule; XFZY: Xuefuzhuyu decoction; XFZYOL: Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid; LGZG: Lingguizhugan decoction; SF: Shen-fu formulas; NX: Nuanxin capsule; LAD: ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery; AMPK: adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase; Sirt1: silent information regulator 1; PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α; HF: heart failure; Atg: autophagy-related genes; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; ULK1: unc-51-like kinase 1; MI: myocardial ischemia; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma-2; Bax: Bcl2-associated x; H/R: hypoxia/reoxygenation; FOXO1: forkhead box family and subfamily O of transcription factor 1; FOXO3: forkhead box family and subfamily O of transcription factor 3; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa-B; TAC: transverse aortic constriction; GLUT4: glucose transporter type 4; PPARα: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; JNK: c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase.