Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants in this study.
|
|
Controls (n=2952) | COPDa (n=2991) | P value | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 59.17 (11.44) | 59.50 (11.66) | .27b | |||
| Sex, n (%) | .82c | |||||
|
|
Female | 1169 (39.60) | 1175 (39.30) |
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||
|
|
Male | 1783 (60.40) | 1816 (60.70) |
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||
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | <.001c | |||||
|
|
<18.5 | 96 (3.30) | 129 (4.30) |
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||
|
|
18.5-25 | 1682 (57) | 1849 (61.80) |
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||
|
|
≥25 | 1174 (39.80) | 1013 (33.90) |
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||
| Education, n (%) | <.001c | |||||
|
|
Primary and below | 971 (32.90) | 1227 (41) |
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||
|
|
Junior middle school | 988 (33.50) | 987 (33) |
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||
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|
Senior high school | 620 (21) | 493 (16.50) |
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||
|
|
Bachelor and above | 373 (12.60) | 284 (9.50) |
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||
| Place of residence, n (%) | <.001c | |||||
|
|
City | 1977 (67) | 1875 (62.7) |
|
||
|
|
Countryside | 975 (33) | 1116 (37.3) |
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||
| Nation, n (%) | .02c | |||||
|
|
Han Chinese | 2897 (98.10) | 2906 (97.20) |
|
||
|
|
Other | 55 (1.90) | 85 (2.80) |
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||
| Occupation, n (%) | <.001c | |||||
|
|
Farmer | 794 (26.90) | 1172 (39.20) |
|
||
|
|
Worker | 850 (28.80) | 678 (22.70) |
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||
|
|
Other | 1308 (44.30) | 1141 (38.10) |
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||
| MSDPd, n (%) | <.001c | |||||
|
|
No | 2741 (92.90) | 2686 (89.80) |
|
||
|
|
Yes | 211 (7.10) | 305 (10.20) |
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||
| Smoking, n (%) | .79c | |||||
|
|
No | 1540 (52.20) | 1549 (51.80) |
|
||
|
|
Yes | 1412 (47.80) | 1442 (48.20) |
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||
| GOLDe, n (%) | —f | |||||
|
|
1 | — | 1685 (56.30) |
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||
|
|
2 | — | 1103 (36.90) |
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||
|
|
3 | — | 172 (5.80) |
|
||
|
|
4 | — | 31 (1) |
|
||
| FEV1g, mean (SD) | 2.67 (0.66) | 2.13 (0.70) | <.001b | |||
| FEV1/FVCh ratio, mean (SD) | 80.44 (5.63) | 61.18 (9.00) | <.001b | |||
| AAHIi, mean (SD) | 1.34 (2.39) | 1.11 (1.18) | <.001b | |||
| PM2.5j, mean (SD) | 71.85 (13.64) | 73.81 (15.95) | <.001b | |||
| Childhood passive smoking, n (%) | .049c | |||||
|
|
No | 1184 (40.1) | 1276 (42.7) |
|
||
|
|
Yes | 1768 (59.9) | 1715 (57.3) |
|
||
| History of childhood pneumonia or bronchitis, n (%) | <.001c | |||||
|
|
No | 2842 (96.3) | 2789 (93.2) |
|
||
|
|
Yes | 110 (3.7) | 202 (6.8) |
|
||
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | .11c | |||||
|
|
No | 2888 (97.8) | 2906 (97.2) |
|
||
|
|
Yes | 64 (2.2) | 85 (2.8) |
|
||
| Hypertension, n (%) | .007c | |||||
|
|
No | 2575 (87.2) | 2677 (89.5) |
|
||
|
|
Yes | 377 (12.8) | 314 (10.5) |
|
||
| Diabetes, n (%) | .70c | |||||
|
|
No | 2851 (96.6) | 2895 (96.8) |
|
||
|
|
Yes | 101 (3.4) | 96 (3.2) |
|
||
aCOPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
bP value for 2-tailed t test.
cP value for chi-square test.
dMSDP: maternal smoking during pregnancy.
eGOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.
fNot available.
gFEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second.
hFVC: forced vital capacity.
iAAHI (average annual household income) is measured in 10,000 Yuan (a currency exchange rate of 1 Chinese Yuan (CNY)=US $0.16147 is applicable).
jPM2.5: fine particulate matter.