Table 3.
Mediating effect of TDa (mediating variable) on the association between MSDPb (independent variable) and COPDc (dependent variable) in all participantsd.
| Path | β (SE) | P value |
| MSDP on COPDe | .097 (0.023) | <.001 |
| MSDP on TDf | .074 (0.017) | <.001 |
| TD on COPD given MSDPg | .048 (0.018) | .007 |
| Indirect: MSDP on COPDh | .004 (0.002) | .03 |
| Direct: MSDP on COPD given TDi | .094 (0.023) | <.001 |
aTD: tobacco dependence.
bMSDP: maternal smoking during pregnancy.
cCOPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
dAll analyses adjusted for age, sex, BMI, educational attainment, place of residence, ethnicity, occupation, childhood passive smoking, residential PM2.5 exposure, history of childhood pneumonia or bronchitis, average annual household income, and medical history (coronary heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes).
eTotal effect of independent variables on dependent variables.
fCoefficients of independent variables on mediating variables after adjustment for covariates.
gCoefficients of mediating variables on dependent variables after adjusted for covariates and IVs.
hIndirect effect of independent variables on dependent variables.
iDirect effect of independent variables on dependent variables.