TABLE 1.
Means and Proportions Describing All Variables Used in Study
| Dependent variable: Ninth-grade math course higher than normative | 0.37 |
| Intersectional identities | |
| Learning disability | 0.06 |
| Race: | |
| White | 0.56 |
| Latinx | 0.25 |
| Black | 0.15 |
| Asian | 0.05 |
| Socioeconomic status | −0.09 (1.02) |
| Outcomes reflecting prior opportunities to learn | |
| Level of eighth-grade math: | |
| Lower than algebra I | 0.61 |
| Algebra I | 0.35 |
| Higher than algebra I | 0.04 |
| Eighth-grade math grade point average | 3.02 (0.93) |
| Enrolled in core eighth-grade science | 0.05 |
| Eighth-grade science grade point average | 3.12 (0.88) |
| Ninth-grade math test score | 0.07 (0.92) |
| Adolescent’s educational attitudes | |
| Adolescent’s educational expectations: | |
| High school or less | 0.16 |
| Some college | 0.09 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.22 |
| Master’s degree | 0.27 |
| Higher than master’s | 0.26 |
| Adolescent’s math interest | 0.01 (1.00) |
| Adolescent’s math self-efficacy | 0.02 (0.95) |
| Adolescent’s math identity | 0.01 (0.98) |
| Adolescent’s math utility value | 0.02 (0.97) |
| Adolescent’s STEM attainment value | 0.06 (0.96) |
| Adolescent expects a STEM occupation | 0.33 |
| High school context | |
| High school type: | |
| Public | 0.92 |
| Catholic | 0.04 |
| Other private | 0.04 |
| High school urbanicity: | |
| City | 0.31 |
| Suburb | 0.34 |
| Town | 0.12 |
| Rural | 0.24 |
| High school region: | |
| Northeast | 0.18 |
| Midwest | 0.21 |
| South | 0.37 |
| West | 0.24 |
| Percentage of students eligible for free lunch | 38.72 (25.04) |
| Percentage of students Black | 15.32 (18.11) |
| Percentage of students Hispanic | 19.56 (20.28) |
| Percentage of students Asian/Pacific Islander | 4.43 (7.07) |
| High school offers algebra II | 0.95 |
| High school offers advanced math (e.g., pre-calculus) | 0.86 |
| High school offers calculus | 0.81 |
| High school offers AP/IB math courses | 0.90 |
| Family characteristics | |
| Not born in United States | 0.08 |
| Native language is not English | 0.21 |
| Parents’ educational expectations for adolescent: | |
| High school or less | 0.08 |
| Some college | 0.11 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.34 |
| Master’s degree | 0.23 |
| Higher than master’s | 0.24 |
Source. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, “The High School Longitudinal Study of 2009.”
Note. Means and proportions were adjusted to be population estimates. Standard deviations are provided in parentheses below means. AP/IB = Advanced Placement / International Baccalaureate; STEM = science, technology, engineering, and math.
***
p<0.001.
**
p<0.01.
*
p<0.05.
+
p<0.10.