TABLE 2.

Differences by Learning Disability Status, Socioeconomic Status, and Race in Key Variables

	Differences by LD status				Differences by SES
	No	Yes			Lower	Higher
Dependent variable: Ninth-grade math course higher than normative	0.38	0.16	***		0.26	0.44	***
Intersectional identities
Learning disability				0.07	0.05	***
Socioeconomic status	−0.07	−0.47	***
Race:
White (ref)	0.55	0.45	—		0.33	0.67	—
Latinx	0.25	0.37	**		0.44	0.15	***
Black	0.14	0.17			0.20	0.12	***
Asian	0.05	0.01	+		0.03	0.06
Differences by race
	White (W)	Latinx (L)	Black (B)	Asian (A)	Wv.L	Wv.B	Wv.A	Lv.B	Lv.A	Bv.A
Ninth-grade math course higher than normative	0.42	0.28	0.27	0.63	***	***	***		***	***
Learning disability	0.05	0.08	0.06	0.02	**		*		***	*
Socioeconomic status	0.22	−0.64	−0.42	0.23	***	***		***	***	***
Descriptives at the intersection of disability status, race, and SES
	White		Latinx		Black		Asian
	No LD	LD	No LD	LD	No LD	LD	No LD	LD
Mean SES	0.24	−0.14	−0.61	−0.90	−0.39	−0.75	0.29	0.09
Adolescents (n)	8,650	400	2,710	230	1,700	110	1,720	30

Source. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), “The High School Longitudinal Study of 2009.”

Note. Means and proportions are adjusted to be population estimates. The frequencies total more than the analytic sample (15,550 vs. 15,540) because NCES requires that unweighted frequencies be rounded to the nearest 10. Lower SES includes adolescents whose family SES is in the bottom two quintiles, whereas higher SES includes adolescents with family SES in the third through fifth quintiles. LD = learning disability; SES = socioeconomic status.

^***p<0.001.

^**p<0.01.

^*p<0.05.

⁺p<0.10.