TABLE 4.
Means and Proportions Describing Differences by Race in Study Covariates
| Student Race | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (W) | Latinx (L) | Black (B) | Asian (A) | Wv.L | Wv.B | Wv.A | Lv.B | Lv.A | Bv.A | |
| Outcomes reflecting prior opportunities to learn | ||||||||||
| Level of eighth-grade math: | ||||||||||
| Lower than algebra I | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.76 | 0.38 | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
| Algebra I (ref) | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 0.48 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Higher than algebra I | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.15 | *** | *** | ** | |||
| Eighth-grade math GPA | 3.15 | 2.78 | 2.81 | 3.30 | *** | *** | + | *** | *** | |
| Enrolled in core eighth-grade science | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | * | |||||
| Eighth-grade science GPA | 3.26 | 2.81 | 2.88 | 3.38 | *** | *** | + | *** | *** | |
| Ninth-grade math test score | 0.18 | −0.17 | −0.43 | 0.69 | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
| Adolescent’s educational attitudes | ||||||||||
| Adolescent’s educational expectations: | ||||||||||
| High school or less (ref) | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.08 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Some college | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.09 | ** | ** | + | ** | ** | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.19 | *** | ** | ** | ** | ||
| Master’s degree | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.26 | *** | *** | + | *** | ** | |
| Higher than master’s | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.38 | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
| Adolescent’s math self-efficacy | 0.06 | −0.12 | 0.03 | 0.26 | *** | *** | * | *** | * | |
| Adolescent’s math identity | 0.03 | −0.13 | 0.02 | 0.38 | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | |
| Adolescent’s math interest | 0.01 | −0.07 | 0.05 | 0.27 | + | *** | * | *** | * | |
| Adolescent’s math utility value | −0.09 | 0.07 | 0.29 | 0.09 | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | |
| Adolescent’s STEM attainment value | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.15 | 0.06 | * | ** | ||||
| Adolescent expects a STEM occupation | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.43 | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
| High school context | ||||||||||
| High school type: | ||||||||||
| Public (ref) | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.91 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Catholic | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | *** | *** | ** | |||
| Other private | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.06 | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
| High school urbanicity: | ||||||||||
| City (ref) | 0.21 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.50 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Suburb | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.35 | *** | *** | ** | |||
| Town | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.04 | *** | ** | *** | + | ||
| Rural | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.11 | *** | *** | *** | * | ||
| High school region: | ||||||||||
| Northeast (ref) | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.20 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Midwest | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.15 | *** | ** | ||||
| South | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.58 | 0.20 | ** | * | * | *** | *** | |
| West | 0.16 | 0.44 | 0.07 | 0.45 | *** | + | ** | *** | *** | |
| Percentage eligible for free lunch | 30.34 | 50.33 | 52.35 | 32.02 | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
| Percentage Black | 9.86 | 13.41 | 40.21 | 11.56 | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
| Percentage Hispanic | 9.49 | 41.70 | 15.95 | 23.33 | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
| Percentage Asian/Pacific Islander | 2.88 | 6.29 | 2.95 | 18.48 | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
| High school offers algebra II | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.95 | ||||||
| High school offers advanced math | 0.89 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.92 | * | * | ** | ** | ||
| High school offers calculus | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.82 | ||||||
| High school offers AP/IB math Family characteristics | 0.87 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.96 | + | *** | * | + | ||
| Not born in United States | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.35 | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
| Native language not English | 0.03 | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.66 | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | *** |
| Parents’ educational expectations for adolescent: | ||||||||||
| High school or less | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Some college | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.32 | ** | * | ** | ** | ||
| Master’s degree | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.24 | * | ** | + | ** | ** | |
| Higher than master’s | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.35 | * | *** | * | *** | ** | |
Source. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, “The High School Longitudinal Study of 2009.”
Note. AP/IB = Advanced Placement / International Baccalaureate; GPA = grade point average; STEM = science, technology, engineering, and math.
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