Table 1.
Characteristics of studies meeting search inclusion criteria
| Author | Year | Country | Participants | Study design | Data source | Menopausal status | Participant number | Adiposity change information | Breast cancer incidence by hormone receptor status | Breast cancer incidence by race/ethnicity | NOS score | Study quality | Measures of effect size | Factors adjusted for in the model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reported Enrollment Dates | Reported funding source | Reported conflicts of interest | ||||||||||||||
| Cao [21] | 2019 | China | Asian (Chinese) | Case-control | The Chinese Wuxi Exposure and Breast Cancer Study | Premenopausal |
Cases: 254 Controls: 362 |
Weight (kg); Categorical (gain of ≤ 0, 0-5.6 [Ref], 5.7–9.5, 9.6–14, > 14); Continuous: per 5 kg weight change | NA | NA | 7 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Odds ratio (OR) | Age, education, age at menarche, age at first birth, parity, age at menopause, family history of breast cancer, previous benign breast disease, use of hormone replacement therapy, use of oral contraceptives, alcohol consumption, physical activity, height, weight at age 18. |
| Postmenopausal |
Cases: 518 Controls: 517 |
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| Rosner [22] | 2017 | U.S.A. | Americans | Prospective cohort | The Nurses’ Health Study cohort | Premenopausal |
Cohort: 6,894 Breast cancer cases: 758 |
Weight (kg); Categorical (loss of > 5, no change ≥-5, ≤ 5 [ref], gain of 5.1–10, 10.1–14.9, 15-19.9, ≥ 20); Continuous: per 30 kg weight change | ER+/PR+; ER+/PR-; ER-/PR- | NA | 6 | Yes | Yes | No | Hazard ratio (HR); log-incidence model | (i) duration of premenopause, (ii) duration postmenopause, (iii) type of menopause, natural or surgical (iv) parity and age at each birth, (v) current, past hormone therapy (HT) use, (vi) duration of HT use by type (estrogen only vs. estrogen plus progestin E&P), (vii) adult height, (viii) benign breast disease (BBD), (ix) alcohol intake, (x) family history of breast cancer in a first degree relative. |
| Postmenopausal |
Cohort: 44,691 Breast cancer cases: 4,207 |
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| Wu [23] | 2016 | U.S.A. | Asian Americans (Chinese, Japanese, Filipina) | Case-control | Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program | Premenopausal |
Cases: 937 Controls: 1,025 |
Weight (kg); Categorical (gain of ≤ 3.64, 3.64–9.09 [ref], 9.09–14.1, 14.1–22.7, > 22.7); Continuous: per 5 kg weight change | NA | NA | 5 | Yes | Yes | Yes | OR | Age, education, income, years of residence in the United States among non-U.S. born, interviewer, age at menarche, parity, family history of breast cancer, and benign breast diseases, Asian ethnicity. |
| Postmenopausal |
Cases: 1,133 Controls: 882 |
Age, education, income, years of residence in the United States among non-U.S. born, interviewer, age at menarche, parity, family history of breast cancer, benign breast disease, and type of menopause status and age at menopause, Asian ethnicity. |
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| Iqbal [24] | 2015 | Bangladesh | Asian (Bangledeshis) | Case-control | Four hospitals in Bangladesh | Premenopausal |
Cases: 129 Controls: 129 |
Weight (kg); Continuous: per unit kg weight gain | NA | NA | 6 | Yes | Yes | Yes | OR | Reproductive, anthropometric, and socioeconomic factors. |
| Robinson [6] | 2014 | U.S.A. | Black Americans, White Americans | Case-control | Carolina Breast Cancer Study | Premenopausal |
Cases: 848 Controls: 685 |
Weight (Ibs); Categorical (gain of ≤ 25 [ref], 26–54, ≥ 55) | ER + or PR+; ER- and PR- | Yes (Black Americans, White Americans) | 5 | Yes | Yes | Yes | OR | Age, age squared, family hx, alcohol, menarche, parity and age at 1st FTP composite, lactation, education, smoking, reference BMI. |
| Postmenopausal |
Cases: 899 Controls: 818 |
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| Kawai [25] | 2014 | U.S.A. | Americans | Case-control | Three-county Seattle-Puget Sound metropolitan area (King, Pierce, and Snohomish counties) | Premenopausal |
Cases: 1021 Controls: 940 |
BMI (kg/m2); Categorical (gain of < 0, 0–5 [ref], 5–10, ≥ 10); Continuous: per unit BMI change | ER-/PR-/ HER2-; ER-/ HER2+; ER+ | NA | 6 | Yes | Yes | Yes | OR | Age at reference, reference year, race/ethnicity, and age at first birth. |
| Canchola [7] | 2012 | U.S.A. | Americans | Prospective cohort | California Teachers Study cohort | Postmenopausal |
Cohort: 52,642 Breast cancer cases: 2,839 |
Weight (Ibs); Categorical (loss of ≥ 10, stable≥-10, ≤ 10 [ref], gain of10-24, 25–39, ≥ 40); Continuous: per 10 lbs weight gain | ER+/PR+; ER+/PR-; ER-/PR- | NA | 7 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Relative risks (RR; hazard rate ratios); Cox proportional hazards regression models |
For ER+/PR+: age as the timescale, were stratified by age at baseline, and adjusted for age at menarche, parity, age at first full-term pregnancy, history of benign breast biopsy, family history of breast cancer, alcohol consumption, and use of hormone therapy, height, height. For other subtypes of breast cancer, please see the original paper. |
| Ahn [8] | 2007 | U.S.A. | Americans | Prospective cohort | National Institutes of Health -American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study | Postmenopausal |
Cohort: 99,039 Breast cancer cases: 2,111 |
Weight (kg); Categorical (gain of≥-7, -6.99 to -2, -1.9-1.9 [ref], 2-9.9, 10-19.9, 20-29.9, 30-39.9, 40-49.9, ≥ 50) | NA | NA | 6 | Yes | Yes | Yes | RR; Cox proportional hazards regression |
Age, age at menarche, age at menopause, age at first birth, parity, smoking, educational level, race, family history of breast cancer, fat intake, alcohol consumption, oophorectomy, and physical activity, BMI at age 18 years, current BMI. |
| Palmer [43] | 2007 | U.S.A. | Americans | Prospective cohort | The Black Women’s Health Study | Premenopausal |
Cohort: 42,538 Breast cancer cases: 490 |
Weight (kg); Categorical (gain of < 10 [ref], 10–14, 15–19, 20–24, ≥ 25) | ER+/PR+; ER+/PR- or ER-/PR+; ER-/PR- | Yes (Black Americans) | 6 | Yes | Yes | No |
RR; Cox proportional hazards regression models |
Age, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, vigorous activity, education, and family history of breast cancer, BMI at age 18 y. |
| Postmenopausal |
Cohort: 9,542 Breast cancer cases: 443 |
Weight (kg); Categorical (gain of < 10 [ref], 10–14, 15–19, 20–24, ≥ 25) | Age, age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, age at menopause, vigorous activity, education, and family history of breast cancer, BMI at age 18 y. | |||||||||||||
| Weiderpass [26] | 2004 | Norway and Sweden | Norwegian and Swedish | Prospective cohort | Central Population Register | Premenopausal |
Cohort: 99,717 Breast cancer cases: 733 |
BMI (kg/m2); Categorical (gain of < 0, 0-1.4 [ref], 1.5-4, > 4) | NA | NA | 8 | Yes | Yes | No | RR; Cox proportional hazard models | Age at enrolment, parity, age at first birth, oral contraceptive use, age at menarche, family history of breast cancer, total duration of breast-feeding, and country of residence, BMI at enrolment. |
| Wenten [27] | 2002 | U.S.A. | Non-Hispanic White Americans, Hispanics | Case-control | New Mexico Women’s Health Study | Premenopausal |
Cases: 221 Controls: 314 |
Weight (kg); Categorical (gain of < 4 [ref], 4–7, 8–14, >14) | ER+/PR+; ER-/PR- | Yes (Non-Hispanic White Americans, Hispanics) | 5 | Yes | Yes | No | OR | Age, family history of breast cancer (1st degree relative), total METS, parity, oral contraceptive use, months of breast feeding, age at first full-term birth, and weight at 18. |
| Postmenopausal |
Cases: 349 Controls: 391 |
Age, family history of breast cancer (1st degree relative), total METS, parity, oral contraceptive use, months of breast feeding, age at first full-term birth, HRT use, and weight at 18. | ||||||||||||||
| Morimoto [9] | 2002 | U.S.A. | Americans | Prospective cohort | The women’s health initiative | Postmenopausal |
Cohort: 85,917 Breast cancer cases: 1,003 |
BMI (kg/m2); Categorical (gain of < 0, 0-3.5, 3.5–6.2, 6.2–9.7, > 9.7) | NA | NA | 7 | Yes | Yes | No |
RR; Cox proportional hazards regression |
Age, education, age at menopause, parity, age at first birth, first degree family history of breast cancer, smoking, age at menarche, race, alcohol consumption, recreational physical activity, dietary energy. |
| Li [28] | 2000 | U.S.A. | Americans | Case-control | Thirteen counties in western Washington State and participates in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER) of the National Cancer Institute | Postmenopausal |
Cases: 478 Controls: 433 |
Weight (Ibs); Categorical (gain of < -10, -10 to 10 [ref], 11–30, 31–50, 51–70, > 70) | NA | NA | 6 | Yes | Yes | No | OR | Age, height, weight at age 18, family history of breast cancer, parity, use of hormone replacement therapy, and oral contraceptive use. |
| Magnusson [29] | 1998 | Sweden | Swedish | Case-control | Swedish regional cancer registries | Postmenopausal |
Cases: 2,331 Controls: 2,214 |
Weight (kg); Categorical (gain of < 0, 0-9.5 [ref], 10-19.5, 20-29.5, ≥ 30) | NA | NA | 7 | Yes | Yes | No | OR | Age parity, age at first birth, age at menopause and use ofhormone replacement therapy. |
| Trentham-Dietz [30] | 1997 | U.S.A. | Americans | Case-control | Wisconsin, Massachusetts (excluding the four counties that comprise metropolitan Boston), Maine, and New Hampshire | Premenopausal |
Cases: 1,608 Controls: 2,710 |
Weight (kg); Categorical (gain of < 0, 0-3.1 [ref], 3.2–6.7, 6.8–13.5, 13.6–78); Continuous: per 5 kg weight change | NA | NA | 7 | Yes | Yes | No | OR | Parity, age at first full-term pregnancy, age at menarche, family history of breast cancer, recent alcohol consumption, education, and height, weight at age 18 years. |
| Postmenopausal |
Cases: 4,807 Controls: 6,134 |
Weight (kg); Categorical (gain of < 0, 0-5.8 [ref], 5.9–11.2, 11.3–18, 18.1–93); Continuous: per 5 kg weight change | Parity, age at first full-term pregnancy, age at menarche, family history of breast cancer, recent alcohol consumption, education, age at menopause, and height, weight at age 18 years. | |||||||||||||
| Taioli [31] | 1995 | U.S.A. | Americans | Case-control | NA | Premenopausal |
Cases: 196 Controls: 191 |
Weight (kg); Categorical (gain of ≤ 0 [ref],1-9.9, 10-19.9, ≥ 20) | NA | NA | 6 | Yes | No | No | OR | Age, education, age at menarche, pregnancies, physical activity at the age 15–22 years. |
| Postmenopausal |
Cases: 421 Controls: 340 |
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| Folsom [32] | 1990 | U.S.A. | Americans | Case-control | State of Iowa | Postmenopausal |
Cases: 229 Controls: 1,839 |
Weight (kg); Categorical (gain of < 8.2, 8.2–17.3, > 17.3) | NA | NA | 7 | Yes | Yes | No | OR | Age |