Table 2.
Summary of exosomal biomarkers for selected hematological malignancies and gastrointestinal cancers and
| Cancers | Source | Exosomal Biomarkers |
Isolation Method | Observation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal | |||||
| Liver | Serum |
miR-18a, miR-221 miR-222, miR-224 |
Commercial Reagent | All four miRNAs were elevated in patients with HCC | [98] |
| Serum | miR-665, | Commercial Reagent | Tumor size directly correlated with levels of miR-665 | [92] | |
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) |
Plasma | miR-92a, miR-122 | DC | Increased levels of miR-21 and miR-125b in HCC patients | [94] |
| Dysregulation of miR-92 levels is indicative of HCC development | [100] | ||||
| Pancreatic | Plasma |
miR-196a miR-1246 miR-21, miR-155, and miR-31 |
DC, Commercial Reagent | Biomarker of localized pancreatic cancer | [82, 148] |
| Saliva | miR‑1246 and miR‑4644 | Total Exosome Isolation | miR‑1246 and miR‑4644, the results yielded an increased AUC of 0.833 | [81] | |
| serum | Glypican-1 | DC | Levels of GPC1 + crExos correlate with tumor burden and survival in patients pre- and post-surgical tumor resection | [74] | |
| Colon | Colon cancer cells | PTEN downregulation | ExoQuick™, commercial reagent | (ii)Exosomes promote cetuximab resistance by PTEN downregulation | [149] |
| Plasma of CRC patients | Copine III(CPNE3) | Commercial reagent | Increased expression colorectal cancer(CRC) | [104] | |
| Hematological Malignancies | |||||
|
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) |
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) |
Leukemia-associated antigens (LAA) TGF-B1 |
Differential Centrifugation | Increased myeloblastic activity | [130] |
|
B-cell malignancy Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) Myeloid neoplasms |
Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) |
CD19 CD30 CD33 |
ExoQuick™, commercial reagent | Diagnostic of prostate cancer patients | [132] |