Table 2.
Association of a history of physical, sexual and/or child abuse and childbirth experiences
| Statistical parameters | Physical abuse | Sexual abuse | Child abuse | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mode of birth (vaginal/caesarean) | Exp(β) | 0.66 | 0.84 | 0.92 |
| p-value | 0.011 | 0.25 | 0.54 | |
| 95% CI | 0.48–0.91 | 0.63–1.13 | 0.72–1.19 | |
| Mode of birth (vaginal/ planned caesarean/ assisted vaginal (with the use of forceps/vacuum)/ emergency caesarean) | Exp(β) | 0.7 | 0.92 | 1.0 |
| p-value | 0.021 | 0.54 | 0.97 | |
| 95% CI | 0.51–0.95 | 0.69–1.21 | 0.78–1.27 | |
| Medical complications during this pregnancy/childbirth (mother) (none/minor/major) | Exp(β) | 0.61 | 0.73 | 0.73 |
| p-value | p < 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.003 | |
| 95% CI | 0.46–0.81 | 0.57–0.93 | 0.59–0.9 | |
| Medical complications during this pregnancy/childbirth (baby) (none/minor/major) | Exp(β) | 0.78 | 0.8 | 0.76 |
| p-value | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.037 | |
| 95% CI | 0.55–1.11 | 0.58–1.09 | 0.59–0.98 | |
|
Preterm birth (yes/no) |
Exp(β) | 0.81 | 1.44 | 0.77 |
| p-value | 0.55 | 0.33 | 0.99 | |
| 95% CI | 0.40–1.63 | 0.69–3.02 | 0.54–1.58 | |
| At least one medical procedure during labour (yes/no) | Exp(β) | 0.81 | 0.92 | 0.83 |
| p-value | 0.31 | 0.62 | 0.22 | |
| 95% CI | 0.54–1.22 | 0.65–1.29 | 0.62–1.11 | |
| Amniotomy (yes/no) | Exp(β) | 1.22 | 1.07 | 0.91 |
| p-value | 0.20 | 0.63 | 0.40 | |
| 95% CI | 0.9–1.65 | 0.82–1.39 | 0.73–1.13 | |
| Use of synthetic oxytocin (yes/no) | Exp(β) | 1.29 | 0.88 | 0.87 |
| p-value | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.26 | |
| 95% CI | 0.92–1.82 | 0.66–1.16 | 0.69–1.11 | |
| Epidural analgesia (yes/no) | Exp(β) | 0.89 | 0.94 | 0.99 |
| p-value | 0.46 | 0.67 | 0.94 | |
| 95% CI | 0.66–1.21 | 0.72–1.23 | 0.79–1.24 | |
| Episiotomy (yes/no) | Exp(β) | 1.41 | 1.43 | 1.11 |
| p-value | 0.10 | 0.053 | 0.48 | |
| 95% CI | 0.94–2.11 | 0.99–2.07 | 0.83–1.46 | |
| At least one instance of obstetric violence during labour (yes/no) | Exp(β) | 0.69 | 0.8 | 0.55 |
| p-value | 0.014 | 0.10 | p < 0.001 | |
| 95% CI | 0.51–0.93 | 0.61–1.05 | 0.44–0.69 | |
| Bullying and verbal abuse (yes/no) | Exp(β) | 0.54 | 0.78 | 0.55 |
| p-value | p < 0.001 | 0.15 | p < 0.001 | |
| 95% CI | 0.38–0.76 | 0.56–1.09 | 0.42–0.72 | |
| Threats and accusations (yes/no) | Exp(β) | 0.66 | 0.8 | 0.65 |
| p-value | 0.10 | 0.37 | 0.022 | |
| 95% CI | 0.4–1.08 | 0.5–1.29 | 0.44–0.94 | |
| Denial of pain relief (yes/no) | Exp(β) | 1.05 | 0.88 | 0.59 |
| p-value | 0.89 | 0.66 | 0.013 | |
| 95% CI | 0.54–2.05 | 0.5–1.55 | 0.38–0.89 | |
| Medical procedures without consent (yes/no) | Exp(β) | 0.72 | 0.67 | 0.72 |
| p-value | 0.17 | 0.057 | 0.072 | |
| 95% CI | 0.45–1.15 | 0.44–1.01 | 0.51–1.03 | |
| Kristeller manoeuvre (yes/no) | Exp(β) | 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.84 |
| p-value | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.40 | |
| 95% CI | 0.57–1.8 | 0.59–1.65 | 0.56–1.26 |
Note Exp(β) stands for the β coefficients that express the relative risk or log odds of an outcome being equal to one value versus the other value ln(P(outcome="no”)/P(outcome="yes”)) = intercept + β1*type of abuse + β2*maternal age at the time of childbirth + β3*maternal level of education + β4 *marital status + β5*perceived socioeconomic status + β6*gestational age at birth + β7*parity + β8* number of months from the childbirth to the date of filling in the survey. In the analyses with complications during childbirth the exp(β) coefficients express the values from the formula with two intercepts: ln(P(outcome="none”)/P(outcome="minor”)) = intercept1 + β1*type of abuse + β2*maternal age at the time of childbirth + β3*maternal level of education + β4 *marital status + β5*perceived socioeconomic status + β6*gestational age at birth + β7*parity + β8* number of months from the childbirth to the date of filling in the survey; and ln((P(outcome="none”) + P(outcome="minor”))/P(outcome="major”)) = intercept2 + β1*type of abuse + β2*maternal age at the time of childbirth + β3*maternal level of education + β4 *marital status + β5*perceived socioeconomic status + β6*gestational age at birth + β7*parity + β8* number of months from the childbirth to the date of filling in the survey. In the analysis exploring the association with preterm birth, gestational age was excluded from the list of covariates. 95% CI stands for 95% confidence interval