Table 1.
The baseline characteristics of study participants
| Variables | Overall | Without albuminuria | With albuminuria | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample, n (%) | 6739 | 5161(76.58) | 1578(23.42) | |
| Age, years | 56.52 ± 0.29 | 55.39 ± 0.33 | 61.15 ± 0.49 | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.22 ± 0.14 | 32.11 ± 0.15 | 32.67 ± 0.32 | 0.109 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.999 | |||
| Female | 3181(47.20) | 2469(47.36) | 712(47.37) | |
| Male | 3558(52.80) | 2692(52.64) | 866(52.63) | |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Mexican Americans | 1185(17.58) | 882(8.86) | 303(11.28) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1408(20.89) | 1046(10.28) | 362(13.47) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 2719(40.35) | 2120(68.14) | 599(61.79) | |
| Other races | 1427(21.18) | 1113(12.73) | 314(13.46) | |
| Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Less Than 9th Grade | 1004(14.90) | 710(6.96) | 294(12.17) | |
| 9–11th Grade | 1064(15.79) | 785(11.64) | 279(14.47) | |
| High School | 1575(23.37) | 1214(24.48) | 361(26.46) | |
| Some College | 1880(27.90) | 1471(32.19) | 409(28.40) | |
| College or above | 1216(18.04) | 981(24.73) | 235(18.50) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| Married | 3760(55.79) | 2936(60.22) | 824(55.54) | |
| Unmarried | 704(10.45) | 562(10.85) | 142(9.47) | |
| Others | 2275(33.76) | 1663(28.93) | 612(34.99) | |
| PIR, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| ≤ 1.30 | 2335(34.65) | 1711(21.33) | 624(30.30) | |
| 1.30–3.50 | 2620(38.88) | 1965(36.64) | 655(40.43) | |
| > 3.50 | 1784(26.47) | 1485(42.03) | 299(29.27) | |
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 82.19 ± 0.58 | 78.48 ± 0.39 | 97.36 ± 2.59 | < 0.001 |
| Serum uric acid, μmol/L | 344.40 ± 1.55 | 341.27 ± 1.73 | 357.21 ± 3.21 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 5036(74.73) | 3659(69.39) | 1377(86.84) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 5742(85.21) | 4353(85.11) | 1389(88.27) | 0.031 |
| Smoke, n (%) | 0.011 | |||
| Never | 3434(50.95) | 2694(51.25) | 740(44.91) | |
| Former | 2140(31.76) | 1590(32.32) | 550(37.76) | |
| Current | 1165(17.29) | 877(16.43) | 288(17.33) | |
| CVD, n (%) | 1348(20.00) | 868(15.65) | 480(27.91) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Never | 1816(26.95) | 1434(30.56) | 382(25.44) | |
| Former | 1510(22.41) | 1076(17.22) | 434(24.84) | |
| Mild | 2264(33.60) | 1793(39.23) | 471(33.54) | |
| Heavy | 1816(26.95) | 1434(30.56) | 382(25.44) | |
| Medication use, n (%) | ||||
| Anti-hypertensive drugs | 822(12.20) | 618(11.48) | 204(12.28) | 0.508 |
| Anti-diabetic drugs | 2844(42.20) | 1937(34.31) | 907(54.61) | < 0.001 |
| Total PA: achieved, n (%) | 3365(49.93) | 2705(55.99) | 660(42.84) | < 0.001 |
| OPA: achieved, n (%) | 1941(28.80) | 1555(34.26) | 386(27.25) | 0.003 |
| TPA: achieved, n (%) | 730(10.83) | 568(9.69) | 162(8.27) | 0.167 |
| LTPA: achieved, n (%) | 1600(23.74) | 1329(28.73) | 271(18.05) | < 0.001 |
Continuous variables were presented as mean ± SE, and categorical variables were presented as the frequency with percentage
BMI, body mass index; PIR, poverty income ratio; CVD, cardiovascular disease; PA, physical activity; OPA, occupation-related PA; TPA, transportation-related PA; LTPA, leisure-time PA; SE, standard error