Table 3.
Neighborhood Characteristics by Enclave Trajectory for 2010 Census Tracts (CA, FL, NJ, NY, and TX)
| Variables | Total N=24,390 Median (IQR) | Asian American enclave trajectory | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never n=17,046 Median (IQR) | Persistent n=4,902 Median (IQR) | Emergent n=1,493 Median (IQR) | Former n=949 Median (IQR) | p-value | ||
| Percent recent immigrant | 26.8 (16.3–38.7) | 26.5 (15.0–38.9) | 27.0 (18.6–37.1) | 28.8 (19.1–41.5) | 27.8 (17.9–40.4) | <0.01 |
| Percent poverty | 12.5 (6.36–22.2) | 13.5 (7.97–23.6) | 10.2 (5.39–18.2) | 9.18 (4.74–16.9) | 13.8 (6.42–24.5) | <0.01 |
| Metropolitan commuting area (%) | 91.6 | 88.2 | 99.8 | 99.5 | 99.0 | <0.01 |
| Percent crowded housing | 3.1 (0.9–8.0) | 2.6 (0.6–6.9) | 5.2 (1.9–11.5) | 2.8 (0.9–6.3) | 4.7 (1.4–12.0) | <0.01 |
| Population density per square mile (per 1,000 people) | 4.0 (1.3–8.8) | 3.0 (0.7–6.5) | 8.4 (4.7–15.9) | 4.7 (2.3–9.0) | 6.7 (3.5–11.3) | <0.01 |
| Residential mobility | 13.1 (8.5–19.2) | 13.0 (8.5–19.0) | 12.5 (8.3–18.4) | 14.3 (9.1–21.3) | 14.9 (9.2–22.6) | <0.01 |
| Proportion aged <35 years | 22.8 (18.0–26.9) | 22.0 (17.4–26.1) | 24.6 (20.3–28.5) | 23.9 (19.1–28.9) | 26.0 (21.1–30.5) | <0.01 |
| Proportion aged 35–64 years | 40.0 (35.6–43.9) | 39.8 (35.3–43.8) | 40.8 (37.0–44.0) | 40.1 (36.0–43.9) | 38.1 (33.7–43.1) | <0.01 |
| Proportion aged ≥65 years | 12.0 (8.2–16.3) | 12.6 (8.7–17.1) | 11.0 (7.9–14.7) | 9.9 (6.3–14.3) | 9.6 (6.5–13.9) | <0.01 |
| Proportion of park area per tract | 0.9 (0.0–3.9) | 0.7 (0.0–3.5) | 1.4 (0.0–4.5) | 1.5 (0.0–5.5) | 1.0 (0.0–4.3) | <0.01 |
| Percentage uninsured | 15.8 (9.0–24.2) | 16.5 (9.4–25.2) | 14.3 (8.4–22.0) | 12.8 (7.6–19.8) | 17.7 (9.1–26.7) | <0.01 |
| Total crime index | 79.0 (38.0–144.0) | 78.0 (38.0–148.0) | 80.0 (38.0–134.0) | 81.0 (38.0–142.0) | 86.0 (43.0–152.0) | <0.01 |
| Percentage vehicle access | 97.8 (93.9–99.3) | 97.9 (94.3–99.4) | 97.5 (92.3–99.1) | 98.2 (94.0–99.4) | 97.4 (92.8–99.3) | <0.01 |
Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.01).
p-values in the table were generated using chi-square test (for binary metropolitan status variable) and the Kruskal–Wallis H test (to compare medians for continuous variables). Metropolitan commuting area was computed using data on RUCA classification for each census tract. Census tracts were classified as metropolitan for RUCA values <4, in accordance with classification codes published by the USDA Economic Research Service. Residential mobility was assessed on the basis of residence in different houses in the past year. Total crime index data were from the ESRI, which standardizes local crime levels against national levels. Enclave trajectory was derived on the basis of Asian American enclave classifications in the years 2000 and 2010. Never enclaves were not classified as enclaves in either year, persistent enclaves were classified as enclaves in both years, emergent enclaves were classified as enclaves in 2010 but not in 2000, and former enclaves were classified as enclaves in 2000 but not in 2010.
CA, California; ESRI, Environmental Systems Research Institute; FL, Florida; NJ, New Jersey; NY, New York; RUCA, Rural-Urban Commuting Area; TX, Texas; USDA, U. S. Department of Agriculture.