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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: World Dev. 2024 Feb 14;178:106575. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106575

Table 2:

Stability across Samples and over Time

Dependent variable Growth rate of income per capita
Full sample Balanced sample Excluding advanced economies Excluding socialist countries Sample 1965–2005 Sample 1975–2015
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Log income per capita (t − 1) −0.070***
(0.009)		 −0.054***
(0.018)		 −0.080***
(0.011)		 −0.061***
(0.011)		 −0.064***
(0.011)		 −0.072***
(0.009)
Growth of capital per worker 0.344***
(0.049)		 0.322***
(0.069)		 0.336***
(0.056)		 0.359***
(0.056)		 0.313***
(0.060)		 0.330***
(0.051)
Change in adult survival 0.698***
(0.258)		 0.719***
(0.244)		 0.639**
(0.272)		 0.663**
(0.284)		 0.976***
(0.312)		 0.685***
(0.261)
Change in secondary schooling 0.068***
(0.024)		 0.058**
(0.027)		 0.095**
(0.037)		 0.080***
(0.026)		 0.080**
(0.032)		 0.071***
(0.025)
Growth of working-age population/total population 1.043***
(0.306)		 1.614***
(0.505)		 1.083***
(0.385)		 1.097***
(0.336)		 1.190***
(0.361)		 1.100***
(0.317)
Countries 133 50 98 103 123 133
Observations 1020 500 700 868 756 970
R 2 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.26 0.26 0.28

Note: Results for different samples. Estimates are derived from ordinary least squares. Specification (1) reports results for the unbalanced full sample, whereas specification (2) reports results for the subset of countries that are observed in all periods from 1960 to 2015. Specifications (3) and (4) exclude advanced economies or countries that were or still are socialist. Specifications (5) and (6) report results for shortened samples over the periods 1965–2005 and 1975–2015. All specifications include time fixed effects, controls for lagged years of secondary schooling, and quality of economic institutions. Standard errors are clustered at the country level and reported in parentheses. Asterisks indicate significance levels:

*

p < 0.1;

**

p < 0.05;

***

p < 0.01.