Table 1.

Information of included studies.

Included studies	Country	NO. (I/C)	Treatment group	Control group	Daily Dose Equivalent (mg)	Duration Time (d)	Clinical outcomes
Ohlsson et al. (37)	Sweden	29/19	SM	Placebo	700	28 days	③④⑮⑯⑰⑱⑲
Keller et al. (47)	Japan	14/0	SM	Placebo	700 or 1,400	30 days	⑦⑧⑨⑩⑪⑫⑬⑭⑮⑯⑰
Conway et al. (46)	Canada	17/17	SM	Placebo	23.62	56 days	⑬⑭⑮⑯⑰
Keller et al. (39)	German	19/20	SM	Placebo	750	42 days	①②③④⑬⑭ ⑮⑯⑰㉕
Ota et al. (40)	Japan	22/22	SM	Placebo	38.1	70 days	⑤⑥⑬⑭⑱⑳㉓㉔
Minegishi et al. (49)	Japan	11/11	SM	Placebo	80.3	70 days	④⑤⑥
Weiland et al. (42)	German	31/31	SM	Placebo	462	56 days	①②③④⑬⑭⑮⑯⑰⑱⑲⑳㉑㉒㉓㉔㉕
Yoshinaka et al. (50)	Japan	36/35	SM	Placebo	38.1	56 days	③④⑤
Vors et al. (41)	France	38/18	SM	Placebo	24 or 65	28 days	①②③⑬⑭⑮ ⑯⑰⑱⑲⑳㉑㉒
Barz et al. (48)	France	39/19	SM	Placebo	750 or 1,250	28 days	⑦⑧⑨⑩⑪⑫

No., numbers of participants; I, intervention group; C, control group; Outcome Indicators: ① SBP, systolic blood pressure; ② DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ③ BMI, body mass index; ④ BF%, body fat percentage; ⑤ Knee extension; ⑥ MFCV, muscle fiber conduction velocity; ⑦ SM, sphingomyelin; ⑧ PLs, total phospholipids; ⑨ Lyso-PC, Lyso-phosphatidyl cholines; ⑩ PC, phosphatidyl cholines; ⑪ PE, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine; ⑫ PI, phosphatidyl-inositol; ⑬ TC, total cholesterol; ⑭ TG, triglyceride; ⑮ LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ⑯ HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ⑰ LDL-C/HDL-C; ⑱ ApoA, apolipoprotein A; ⑲ ApoB, apolipoprotein B; ⑳ Glucose; ㉑ insulin; ㉒ HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; ㉓ AST, aspartate transaminase; ㉔ ALT, alanine transaminease; ㉕ CRP, C-reactive protein.