Table 2.
Outcomes and results of included studies.
| First Author, year | Baseline SM | Endline SM | Baseline Outcomes | Endline Outcomes | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ohlsson et al., 2009 (37) | TC: I: male: 187.89 ± 7.73 female: 181.70 ± 11.21 C: male: 173.58 ± 8.89 female: 172.81 ± 8.89 |
TC: I: male: 189.05 ± 5.41 female: 179.77 ± 5.41 C: male:177.06 ± 15.46 female: 178.59 ± 20.10 |
Increased daily SM consumption had no discernible effect on fasting plasma lipids or lipoprotein levels. | ||
| TG: I: male: 101.89 ± 13.29 female: 81.51 ± 11.51 C: male: 85.06 ± 10.63 female: 59.36 ± 6.20 |
TG: I: male: 101.89 ± 7.08 female: 88.68 ± 27.47 C: male: 101.00 ± 35.44 female: 67.96 ± 13.29 |
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| LDL-C: I: male: 127.96 ± 6.96 female: 119.46 ± 10.44 C: male: 114.05 ± 8.51 female: 103.61 ± 5.80 |
LDL-C: I: male: 129.51 ± 11.21 female: 115.59 ± 3.87 C: male: 119.07 ± 10.82 female: 107.86 ± 15.07 |
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| HDL-C: I: male: 51.42 ± 2.71 female: 57.99 ± 3.48 C: male: 51.80 ± 3.09 female: 69.59 ± 7.73 |
HDL-C: I: male: 51.42 ± 3.48 female: 57.26 ± 4.41 C: male: 52.58 ± 5.41 female: 72.68 ± 10.05 |
||||
| LDL-C/HDL-C: I: male: 2.49 ± 2.57 female: 2.06 ± 3.00 C: male: 2.20 ± 2.75 female: 1.49 ± 0.75 |
LDL-C/HDL-C: I: male: 2.42 ± 3.22 female: 2.03 ± 0.88 C: male: 2.27 ± 1.93 female: 1.48 ± 1.50 |
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| ApoB: I: male: 0.88 ± 0.05 female: 0.82 ± 0.06 C: male: 0.79 ± 0.05 female: 0.69 ± 0.03 |
ApoB: I: male: 0.88 ± 0.03 female: 0.78 ± 0.01 C: male: 0.80 ± 0.08 female: 0.72 ± 0.01 |
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| ApoA 1: I: male:1.39 ± 0.03 female: 1.51 ± 0.07 C: male: 1.37 ± 0.05 femalee:1.60 ± 0.04 |
ApoA 1: I: male:1.34 ± 0.04 female: 1.48 ± 0.04 C: male: 1.38 ± 0.09 female: 1.58 ± 0.07 |
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| Keller et al., 2013 (47) | C: 0.46 ± 0.08 | 700 mg/d: 0.45 ± 0.10 1,400 mg/d: 0.48 ± 0.07 |
TC: C: 197.93 ± 24.36 |
TC: I: 700 mg/d: 182.47 ± 27.44 I: 1400 mg/d: 196.01 ± 30.54 |
After SM consumption, there was no significant change in TC, TG, LDL-C concentration and the LDL/HDL ratio compared to baseline. |
| TG: C: 93.92 ± 18.60 |
TG: I: 700 mg/d: 95.68 ± 26.58 I: 1400 mg/d: 98.35 ± 31.89 |
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| LDL-C: C: 104.76 ± 29.76 |
LDL-C: I: 700 mg/d: 98.19 ± 26.67 I: 1400 mg/d: 110.56 ± 32.47 |
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| HDL-C: C: 68.04 ± 18.17 |
HDL-C: I: 700 mg/d: 62.62 ± 15.46 I: 1400 mg/d: 64.94 ± 16.23 |
||||
| LDL-C/HDL-C: C: 1.74 ± 1.02 |
LDL-C/HDL-C: I: 700 mg/d: 1.72 ± 0.86 I: 1400 mg/d: 1.86 ± 0.93 |
||||
| PLs: C: 2.23 ± 0.34 |
PLs: I: 700 mg/d: 2.27 ± 0.44 I: 1400 mg/d: 2.35 ± 0.36 |
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| Lyso-PC: C: 0.07 ± 0.04 |
Lyso-PC: I: 700 mg/d: 0.08 ± 0.03 I: 1400 mg/d: 0.08 ± 0.05 |
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| PC: C: 1.58 ± 0.24 |
PC: I: 700 mg/d: 1.59 ± 0.36 I: 1400 mg/d: 1.65 ± 0.30 |
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| PE: C: 0.09 ± 0.04 |
PE: I: 700 mg/d: 0.12 ± 0.05 I: 1400 mg/d: 0.11 ± 0.05 |
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| PI: C: 0.03 ± 0.01 |
PI: I: 700 mg/d: 0.03 ± 0.01 I: 1400 mg/d: 0.03 ± 0.01 |
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| Conway et al., 2013 (46) | TC: C: 227.32 ± 35.95 |
TC: I: 221.91 ± 31.31 C: 228.87 ± 36.34 |
The consumption of dietary SM may potentially lead to.decreased the serum TC, LDL-C and TG levels in both men and women, primarily by impeding the absorption of cholesterol into the intestines | ||
| TG: C: 107.21 ± 52.27 |
TG: I: 102.78 ± 41.64 C: 115.18 ± 53.16 |
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| LDL-C: C: 144.98 ± 26.68 |
LDL-C: I: 138.79 ± 24.74 C: 143.43 ± 27.45 |
||||
| HDL-C: C: 60.70 ± 18.56 |
HDL-C: I: 62.63 ± 16.62 C: 62.63 ± 18.17 |
||||
| LDL-C/HDL-C: C: 2.38 ± 1.43 |
LDL-C/HDL-C: I: 2.21 ± 1.49 C: 2.29 ± 1.51 |
||||
| Keller et al., 2014 (39) | I: 0.63 ± 0.13 C: 0.61 ± 0.11 |
I:0.58 ± 0.08 C:0.57 ± 0.10 |
TC: I: 172.04 ± 21.65 C: 170.10 ± 22.43 |
TC: I: 172.81 ± 24.74 C: 178.60 ± 23.19 |
There was no significant difference in plasma SM and lipid profile after the dietary SM consumption. |
| TG: I: 93.91 ± 44.3 C: 94.80 ± 43.41 |
TG: I: 93.03 ± 37.21 C: 92.14 ± 37.21 |
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| LDL-C: I: 92.78 ± 19.71 C: 90.46 ± 20.10 |
LDL-C: I: 92.79 ± 17.78 C: 95.49 ± 20.49 |
||||
| HDL-C: I: 59.15 ± 14.69 C: 57.99 ± 15.07 |
HDL-C: I: 59.53 ± 14.30 C: 61.86 ± 14.30 |
||||
| LDL-C/HDL-C: I: 1.56 ± 1.34 C: 1.55 ± 1.33 |
LDL-C/HDL-C: I: 1.56 ± 1.24 C: 1.54 ± 1.43 |
||||
| PLs: I: 2.13 ± 0.36 C: 2.12 ± 0.33 |
PLs: I: 2.09 ± 0.29 C: 2.09 ± 0.35 |
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| Lyso-PC: I: 0.074 ± 0.017 C: 0.0069 ± 0.015 |
Lyso-PC: I: 0.076 ± 0.013 C: 0.072 ± 0.015 |
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| PC: I: 1.28 ± 0.23 C: 1.28 ± 0.21 |
PC: I: 1.27 ± 0.18 C: 1.28 ± 0.22 |
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| PE: I: 0.08 ± 0.03 C: 0.09 ± 0.02 |
PE: I: 0.10 ± 0.02 C: 0.10 ± 0.02 |
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| PI: I: 0.09 ± 0.02 C: 0.08 ± 0.02 |
PI: I: 0.09 ± 0.01 C: 0.08 ± 0.02 |
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| CRP: I: 1.97 ± 2.65 C: 3.26 ± 6.90 |
CRP: I: 1.50 ± 1.79 C: 1.43 ± 1.48 |
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| Ota et al., 2015 (40) | Knee extension: I: 34.1 ± 3.2 C: 32.2 ± 3.1 |
Knee extension: I: 37.1 ± 3.8 C: 33.8 ± 3.2 |
There were no clinically significant changes in BMI, glucose, blood pressure, serum profile and muscle strength after the dietary SM-rich globular membrane protein consumption. | ||
| MFCV: I: 5.77 ± 0.32 C: 5.91 ± 0.39 |
MFCV: I: 5.58 ± 0.39 C: 4.17 ± 0.45 |
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| TC: I: 219 ± 9.8 C: 206 ± 9.2 |
TC: I: 212 ± 7.5 C: 211 ± 9.9 |
||||
| TG: I: 104 ± 9.4 C: 132 ± 12.7 |
TG: I: 95 ± 8.6 C: 109 ± 10.9 |
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| Glucose: I: 90.4 ± 2.13 C: 93.3 ± 2.01 |
Glucose: I: 88.6 ± 1.96 C: 90.4 ± 2.22 |
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| AST: I: 22.1 ± 0.98 C: 24.5 ± 1.82 |
AST: I: 22.7 ± 1.06 C: 24.1 ± 1.52 |
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| ALT: I: 20.1 ± 2.02 C: 25.1 ± 4.33 |
ALT: I: 19.7 ± 2.38 C: 22.9 ± 2.79 |
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| Minegishi et al., 2016 (49) | BF%: I: 25.2 ± 1.8 C: 25.8 ± 2.1 |
BF%: I: 25.5 ± 1.6 C: 26.4 ± 2.22 |
There were no overall changes in BF%, while knee extension strength and MFCV markedly increased after the dietary SM-rich globular membrane protein consumption. | ||
| Knee extension: I: 27.9 ± 2.5 C: 28.2 ± 2.0 |
Knee extension: I: 32.3 ± 2.6 C: 29.6 ± 2.1 |
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| MFCV: I: 4.72 ± 0.28 C: 4.65 ± 0.28 |
MFCV: I: 5.55 ± 0.27 C: 4.62 ± 0.32 |
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| Weiland et al., 2016 (42) | BMI: I: 30.7 ± 1.9 C: 30.9 ± 2.9 |
BMI: I: 30.4 ± 2.0 C: 30.8 ± 2.8 |
Consumption of SM-rich milk did not affect plasma lipid parameters. | ||
| BF%: I: 31.2 ± 2.6 C: 30.8 ± 2.4 |
BF%: I: 30.9 ± 2.8 C: 30.3 ± 2.6 |
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| SBP: I: 139.6 ± 21.6 C: 131.7 ± 17.2 |
SBP: I: 135.3 ± 19.1 C: 131.7 ± 16.4 |
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| DBP: I: 86.4 ± 10.6 C: 82.7 ± 8.9 |
DBP: I: 84.0 ± 11.0 C: 82.6 ± 8.9 |
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| TC: I: 233.12 ± 31.70 C: 220.36 ± 36.34 |
TC: I: 228.10 ± 40.21 C: 221.14 ± 39.82 |
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| TG: I: 129.36 ± 70.88 C: 124.93 ± 43.41 |
TG: I: 132.90 ± 56.70 C: 150.62 ± 94.80 |
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| LDL-C: I: 146.13 ± 31.70 C: 138.40 ± 29.38 |
LDL-C: I: 148.45 ± 34.41 C: 142.66 ± 31.31 |
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| HDL-C: I: 55.28 ± 12.76 C: 51.03 ± 13.14 |
HDL-C: I: 54.90 ± 14.30 C: 50.26 ± 10.82 |
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| LDL-C/HDL-C: I: 2.64 ± 2.48 C: 2.71 ± 2.23 |
LDL-C/HDL-C: I: 2.70 ± 2.40 C: 2.84 ± 2.89 |
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| ApoB: I: 1.28 ± 0.27 C: 1.25 ± 0.23 |
ApoB: I: 1.27 ± 0.25 C: 1.26 ± 0.22 |
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| ApoA1: I: 1.64 ± 0.21 C: 1.56 ± 0.24 |
ApoA1: I: 1.61 ± 0.23 C: 1.56 ± 0.22 |
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| Glucose: I: 98.82 ± 11.88 C: 99.18 ± 8.46 |
Glucose: I: 97.56 ± 11.34 C: 96.30 ± 7.74 |
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| Insulin: I: 14.87 ± 8.78 C: 17.40 ± 8.55 |
Insulin: I: 15.45 ± 9.07 C: 17.97 ± 16.48 |
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| HOMA-IR: I: 3.20 ± 2.06 C: 3.74 ± 2.03 |
HOMA-IR: I: 3.30 ± 2.16 C: 3.74 ± 3.72 |
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| Yoshinaka et al., 2018 (50) | ALT: I: 17.5 ± 9.9 C: 18.0 ± 8.6 |
ALT: I: 17.3 ± 7.8 C: 20.9 ± 10.5 |
Ingestion of milk fat globular membrane containing SM had no significant changes on BMI, BF% and knee extension. | ||
| AST: I: 25.0 ± 7.1 C: 26.2 ± 7.3 |
AST: I: 23.5 ± 6.7 C: 25.1 ± 6.2 |
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| CRP: I: 2.53 ± 3.03 C: 2.19 ± 2.32 |
CRP: I: 1.75 ± 1.47 C: 1.42 ± 1.30 |
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| BMI: I: 21.6 ± 3.1 C: 21.8 ± 2.5 |
BMI: I: 21.5 ± 3.0 C: 21.7 ± 2.4 |
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| BF%: I: 26.8 ± 7.5 C: 26.7 ± 6.9 |
BF%: I: 26.3 ± 7.4 C: 27.4 ± 7.5 |
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| Knee extension: I: 28.6 ± 9.2 C: 28.8 ± 9.4 |
Knee extension: I: 27.1 ± 7.8 C: 29.0 ± 8.3 |
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| Vors et al., 2020 (41) | BMI: I: 24 mg/d: 29.05 ± 0.58 65 mg/d: 29.18 ± 0.56 C: 30.22 ± 0.76 |
BMI: I: 24 mg/d: 29.03 ± 0.57 65 mg/d: 29.06 ± 0.66 C: 30.23 ± 0.83 |
Consuming SM-rich milk can lower cardiovascular lipid levels, and improve heart health by decreasing several lipid cardiovascular markers. | ||
| SBP: I: 24 mg/d: 124.68 ± 4.17 65 mg/d: 124.47 ± 3.94 C: 124.32 ± 2.74 |
SBP: I: 24 mg/d: 123.05 ± 6.17 65 mg/d: 120.26 ± 6.82 C:119.53 ± 5.02 |
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| DBP: I: 24 mg/d: 76.21 ± 2.07 65 mg/d: 75.84 ± 1.94 C: 71.68 ± 2.28 |
DBP: I: 24 mg/d: 74.37 ± 3.94 65 mg/d: 72.95 ± 3.18 C: 72.52 ± 3.97 |
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| TC: I: 24 mg/d: 215.72 ± 7.73 65 mg/d: 219.58 ± 9.28 C: 216.11 ± 6.57 |
TC: I: 24 mg/d: 207.60 ± 11.59 65 mg/d: 204.12 ± 12.75 C: 214.56 ± 10.44 |
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| TG: I: 24 mg/d: 109.86 ± 9.74 65 mg/d: 130.24 ± 11.52 C: 109.86 ± 7.08 |
TG: I: 24 mg/d: 108.98 ± 17.72 65 mg/d: 156.82 ± 7.08 C: 119.61 ± 12.40 |
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| LDL-C: I: 24 mg/d: 136.86 ± 6.57 65 mg/d: 140.33 ± 7.34 C: 143.04 ± 5.80 |
LDL-C: I: 24 mg/d: 130.28 ± 9.66 65 mg/d: 127.19 ± 10.44 C: 141.49 ± 8.89 |
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| HDL-C: I: 24 mg/d: 47.55 ± 1.93 65 mg/d: 45.23 ± 2.32 C: 44.85 ± 1.93 |
HDL-C: I: 24 mg/d: 46.01 ± 3.09 65 mg/d: 47.55 ± 3.09 C: 44.07 ± 3.09 |
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| LDL-C/HDL-C: I: 24 mg/d: 2.88 ± 3.40 65 mg/d: 3.10 ± 3.16 C: 3.18 ± 3.00 |
LDL-C/HDL-C: I: 24 mg/d: 2.83 ± 3.12 65 mg/d: 2.67 ± 3.38 C: 3.21 ± 2.88 |
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| ApoB: I: 24 mg/d: 1.01 ± 0.05 65 mg/d: 1.02 ± 0.06 C: 24 mg/d 1.03 ± 0.05 |
ApoB: I: 24 mg/d: 0.07 ± 0.07 65 mg/d: 0.03 ± 0.09 C: 1.04 ± 0.07 |
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| ApoA1: I: 24 mg/d: 1.17 ± 0.02 65 mg/d: 1.19 ± 0.03 C: 1.16 ± 0.02 |
ApoA1: I: 24 mg/d: 1.17 ± 0.04 65 mg/d: 1.18 ± 0.05 C: 1.15 ± 0.04 |
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| Glucose: I: 24 mg/d: 91.98 ± 1.98 65 mg/d: 92.70 ± 1.8 C: 94.14 ± 1.8 |
Glucose: I: 24 mg/d: 92.34 ± 3.06 65 mg/d: 90.72 ± 2.88 C: 93.60 ± 3.06 |
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| Insulin: I: 24 mg/d: 7.11 ± 0.72 65 mg/d: 8.07 ± 1.36 C:7.29 ± 0.99 |
Insulin: I: 24 mg/d: 7.05 ± 1.33 65 mg/d: 7.66 ± 2.26 C: 7.72 ± 1.62 |
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| HOMA-IR: I: 24 mg/d: 1.67 ± 0.19 65 mg/d: 1.82 ± 0.28 C: mg/d: 1.74 ± 0.26 |
HOMA-IR: I: 24 mg/d: 1.64 ± 0.33 65 mg/d: 1.72 ± 0.46 C: 1.91 ± 0.43 |
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| Barz et al., 2021 (48) | I: 750 mg/d: 0.43 ± 0.015 1,250 mg/d: 0.422 ± 0.018C: 0.436 ± 0.017 |
I: 750 mg/d: 0.413 ± 0.027 1,250 mg/d: 0.395 ± 0.027C: 0.407 ± 0.029 |
PLs: I: 750 mg/d: 2.20 ± 0.05 |
PLs: I: 750 mg/d: 2.14 ± 0.10 |
Supplementation with SM-rich milk was associated with a reduction in atherogenic SMand Cer species, which improved cardiovascular risk markers. |
| 1,250 mg/d: 2.30 ± 0.06 C: 2.28 ± 0.09 |
1,250 mg/d: 2.12 ± 0.10 C: 2.21 ± 0.14 |
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| Lyso-PC: I: 750 mg/d: 0.0899 ± 0.047 1,250 mg/d: 0.0938 ± 0.048 C: 0.0957 ± 0.063 |
Lyso-PC: I: 750 mg/d: 0.089 ± 0.080 1,250 mg/d: 0.086 ± 0.082 C: 0.0925 ± 0.010 |
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| PC: I: 750 mg/d: 1.44 ± 0.04 1,250 mg/d: 1.54 ± 0.04 C: 1.50 ± 0.05 |
PC: I: 750 mg/d: 1.40 ± 0.07 1,250 mg/d: 1.42 ± 0.07 C: 1.48 ± 0.09 |
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| PE: I: 750 mg/d: 0.052 ± 0.0031 1,250 mg/d: 0.054 ± 0.0028 C: 0.049 ± 0.0036 |
PE: I: 750 mg/d: 0.048 ± 0.0059 1,250 mg/d: 0.052 ± 0.0047 C: 0.048 ± 0.0052 |
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| PI: I: 750 mg/d: 0.195 ± 0.016 1,250 mg/d: 0.188 ± 0.016 C: 0.192 ± 0.019 |
PI: I: 750 mg/d: 0.18 ± 0.029 1,250 mg/d: 0. 17 ± 0.032 C: 0.181 ± 0.031 |
No, number of participants; I, intervention group; C, control group; Outcome Indicators: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; BF%, body fat percentage; Knee extension; MFCV, muscle fiber conduction velocity; SM, sphingomyelin; PLs, phospholipids; Lyso-PC, Lyso-phosphatidyl cholines; PC, phosphatidyl cholines; PE, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine; PI, phosphatidyl-inositol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C/HDL-C; Glucose; Insulin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminease; CRP, C-reactive protein.