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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychophysiology. 2024 Jan 13;61(3):e14490. doi: 10.1111/psyp.14490

Table 2.

Results of Hierarchical Linear Regression Analyses

Predictors	β	t	p-value	Adjusted R²	ΔR²	F for ΔR²

Model 1: Anxiety Symptoms
Step 1				.07	.08^*	4.91
Sex	0.26^*	2.67	.009
Trauma Group (yes/no)	0.07	0.71	.480
Step 2				.28	.23^*	17.50
Startle to U-threat	0.06	0.69	.493
PSQI	0.47^*	5.71	<.001
Step 3				.31	.03^*	4.73
Startle x PSQI	0.18^*	2.18	.032

Model 2: Lifetime Drinks
Step 1				.01	.02	1.27
Sex	−0.13	−1.29	.201
Trauma Group (yes/no)	−0.05	−0.48	.633
Step 2				.03	.04	2.12
Startle to U-threat	0.20^*	2.06	.042
PSQI	−0.03	−0.32	.754
Step 3				.09	.07^*	8.08
Startle x PSQI	0.28^*	2.84	.005

Model 3: Depression Symptoms
Step 1				.05	.07^*	4.01
Sex	0.10	0.98	.330
Trauma Group (yes/no)	0.22^*	2.21	.029
Step 2				.36	.32^*	27.82
Startle to U-threat	−0.03	−0.37	.711
PSQI	0.57	7.43	<.001
Step 3				.37	<.01	1.06
Startle x PSQI	0.08	1.03	.306

Note.

^*

indicates p < .05; U-threat = unpredictable threat; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).