Table 2.
Univariable and multivariable analysis of risk factors for any* blindness in PACG.
| Any* Blindness (+) | Any Blindness (−) | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
| N (%) | N (%) | OR (CI) | P value | OR (CI) | P value | ||
|
| |||||||
| Total # PACG patients: | 5,064 (11.54%) | 38,837 (88.46%) | |||||
| 43,901 | |||||||
| Age [years] | |||||||
| 50–59 | 516 (8.94%) | 5,256 (91.06%) | REF | REF | |||
| <40 | 224 (31.02%) | 498 (68.98%) | 4.58 (3.82–5.50) | <0.001 | 3.54 (2.93–4.26) | <0.001 | |
| 40–49 | 200 (12.68%) | 1,377 (87.32%) | 1.48 (1.24–1.76) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.18–1.68) | <0.001 | |
| 60–69 | 1,100 (8.61%) | 11,669 (91.39%) | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | 0.467 | 0.84 (0.75–0.95) | 0.004 | |
| 70–79 | 1,497 (10.08%) | 13,353 (89.92%) | 1.14 (1.03–1.27) | 0.013 | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 0.169 | |
| 80+ | 1,527 (18.60%) | 6,684 (81.40%) | 2.33 (2.10–2.59) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.60–2.02) | <0.001 | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 2,000 (15.64%) | 12,589 (84.36%) | REF | REF | |||
| Female | 3,026 (10.41%) | 26,035 (89.59%) | 0.73 (0.69–0.78) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.71–0.80) | <0.001 | |
| Not Reported | 38 (15.14%) | 213 (84.86%) | 1.12 (0.79–1.59) | 0.514 | 1.12 (0.78–1.60) | 0.530 | |
| Race | |||||||
| Caucasian | 3,031 (11.19%) | 24,046 (88.81%) | REF | REF | |||
| Asian | 200 (8.86%) | 2,058 (91.14%) | 0.77 (0.66–0.90) | 0.001 | 0.82 (0.70–0.96) | 0.014 | |
| Black or African American | 632 (14.20%) | 3,820 (85.80%) | 1.31 (1.20–1.44) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.29–1.57) | <0.001 | |
| Hispanic | 703 (12.53%) | 4,907 (87.47%) | 1.14 (1.04–1.24) | 0.004 | 1.21 (1.10–1.33) | <0.001 | |
| Unknown | 498 (11.06%) | 4,006 (88.94%) | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 0.787 | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 0.967 | |
| Practice Region | |||||||
| Northeast | 995 (9.41%) | 9,578 (90.59%) | REF | REF | |||
| Midwest | 1,138 (11.52%) | 8,741 (88.48%) | 1.25 (1.15–1.37) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.96–1.16) | 0.306 | |
| South | 1,847 (12.86%) | 12,520 (87.14%) | 1.42 (1.31–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.23–1.46) | <0.001 | |
| West | 845 (11.87%) | 6,275 (88.13%) | 1.30 (1.18–1.43) | <0.001 | 1.31 (1.19–1.44) | <0.001 | |
| Unknown | 239 (12.18%) | 1,723 (87.82%) | 1.34 (1.15–1.55) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.06–1.44) | 0.007 | |
| Insurance Category | |||||||
| Private | 828 (8.43%) | 8,998 (91.57%) | REF | REF | |||
| Government | 63 (9.18%) | 623 (90.82%) | 1.10 (0.84–1.44) | 0.491 | 1.12 (0.85–1.48) | 0.407 | |
| Medicaid | 249 (17.29%) | 1,191 (82.71%) | 2.27 (1.95–2.65) | <0.001 | 2.06 (1.75–2.42) | <0.001 | |
| Medicare FFS | 3,250 (12.76%) | 22,224 (87.24%) | 1.59 (1.47–1.72) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.37–1.65) | <0.001 | |
| Medicare Managed | 445 (10.62%) | 3,747 (89.38%) | 1.29 (1.14–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.13–1.46) | <0.001 | |
| Military | 29 (12.29%) | 207 (87.71%) | 1.52 (1.03–2.26) | 0.037 | 1.35 (0.90–2.03) | 0.141 | |
| Unknown/Missing | 200 (9.77%) | 1,847 (90.23%) | 1.18 (1.00–1.38) | 0.049 | 1.12 (0.95–1.33) | 0.168 | |
| Ocular comorbidities | |||||||
| Cataract | No | 3,746 (10.51%) | 31,899 (89.49%) | REF | REF | ||
| Yes | 1,318 (15.96%) | 6,938 (84.04%) | 1.63 (1.52–1.74) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.45–1.69) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetic Retinopathy | No | 4,728 (11.28%) | 37,173 (88.72%) | REF | REF | ||
| Yes | 336 (16.80%) | 1,664 (83.20%) | 1.58 (1.40–1.78) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 0.626 | |
| Macular Degeneration | No | 4,659 (11.16%) | 37,096 (88.84%) | REF | REF | ||
| Yes | 405 (18.87%) | 1,741 (81.13%) | 1.83 (1.64–2.05) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.18–1.60) | <0.001 | |
| ANA prior to PACG | |||||||
| Yes | 1,406 (8.33%) | 15,476 (91.67%) | REF | REF | |||
| No | 3,658 (13.54%) | 23,361 (86.46%) | 1.72 (1.62–1.84) | <0.001 | 1.78 (1.66–1.90) | <0.001 | |
ANA = anatomic narrow angle; CI = confidence interval; N = number of patients; OR = odds ratio; FFS = fee-for-service; PACG = primary angle closure glaucoma.
*
Any refers to uni- or bilateral blindness.
Statistically significant multivariable p-values and odds ratios with OR ≥ 1.20 and p ≤ 0.01 are bolded.
Multivariable analyses were adjusted for ocular comorbidities (cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration).