Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable analysis of risk factors for bilateral blindness in PACG.
| Bilateral Blindness (+) | Bilateral Blindness (−) | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
| N (%) | N (%) | OR (CI) | P value | OR (CI) | P value | ||
|
| |||||||
| Total # PACG patients: | 736 (1.76%) | 41,168 (98.24%) | |||||
| 41,904 | |||||||
| Age [years] | |||||||
| 50–59 | 71 (1.29%) | 5,442 (98.71%) | REF | REF | |||
| <40 | 63 (9.52%) | 599 (90.48%) | 8.06 (5.68–11.44) | <0.001 | 5.58 (3.89–8.00) | <0.001 | |
| 40–49 | 32 (2.17%) | 1,446 (97.83%) | 1.70 (1.11–2.59) | 0.014 | 1.63 (1.07–2.50) | 0.024 | |
| 60–69 | 147 (1.20%) | 12,086 (98.80%) | 0.93 (0.70–1.24) | 0.630 | 0.71 (0.52–0.96) | 0.024 | |
| 70–79 | 143 (1.00%) | 14,092 (99.00%) | 0.78 (0.58–1.04) | 0.085 | 0.52 (0.38–0.71) | <0.001 | |
| 80+ | 280 (3.60%) | 7,503 (96.40%) | 2.86 (2.20–3.72) | <0.001 | 1.82 (1.35–2.45) | <0.001 | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 271 (1.95%) | 13,594 (98.05%) | REF | REF | |||
| Female | 462 (1.66%) | 27,339 (98.34%) | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) | 0.032 | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | 0.134 | |
| Not Reported | 3 (1.26%) | 235 (98.74%) | 0.64 (0.20–2.01) | 0.446 | 0.57 (0.18–1.83) | 0.344 | |
| Race | |||||||
| Caucasian | 403 (1.55%) | 25,600 (98.45%) | REF | REF | |||
| Asian | 26 (1.23%) | 2,089 (98.77%) | 0.79 (0.53–1.18) | 0.249 | 0.93 (0.62–1.41) | 0.742 | |
| Black or African American | 122 (2.93 %) | 4,045 (97.07%) | 1.92 (1.56–2.35) | <0.001 | 2.04 (1.64–2.53) | <0.001 | |
| Hispanic | 121 (2.26%) | 5,228 (97.74%) | 1.47 (1.20 – 1.81) | <0.001 | 1.53 (1.23–1.90) | <0.001 | |
| Unknown | 64 (1.50%) | 4,206 (98.50%) | 0.967 (.074–1.26) | 0.802 | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) | 0.990 | |
| Practice Region | |||||||
| Northeast | 133 (1.32%) | 9,916 (98.68%) | REF | REF | |||
| Midwest | 160 (1.67%) | 9,408 (98.33%) | 1.27 (1.01–1.60) | 0.045 | 0.952 (0.74–1.22) | 0.701 | |
| South | 290 (2.12%) | 13,379 (97.88%) | 1.62 (1.31–1.99) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.14–1.74) | 0.001 | |
| West | 111 (1.64%) | 6,647 (98.36%) | 1.25 (0.97–1.61) | 0.091 | 1.21 (0.93–1.57) | 0.157 | |
| Unknown | 42 (2.26%) | 1,818 (97.74%) | 1.72 (1.21–2.45) | 0.002 | 1.49 (1.05–2.13) | 0.027 | |
| Insurance Category | |||||||
| Private | 83 (0.88%) | 9,348 (99.12%) | REF | REF | |||
| Government | 4 (0.61%) | 648 (99.39%) | 0.70 (0.25–1.90) | 0.479 | 0.69 (0.25–1.91) | 0.479 | |
| Medicaid | 60 (4.45%) | 1,287 (95.55%) | 5.25 (3.75–7.36) | <0.001 | 3.85 (2.71–5.48) | <0.001 | |
| Medicare FFS | 499 (2.05%) | 23,810 (97.95%) | 2.36 (1.87–2.98) | <0.001 | 2.70 (2.07–3.51) | <0.001 | |
| Medicare Managed | 53 (1.33%) | 3,930 (98.67%) | 1.52 (1.07–2.15) | 0.018 | 1.84 (1.27–2.65) | 0.001 | |
| Military | 6 (2.71%) | 215 (97.29%) | 3.14 (1.36–7.28) | 0.008 | 2.71 (1.15–6.36) | 0.022 | |
| Unknown/Missing | 31 (1.58%) | 1,930 (98.42%) | 1.81 (1.19–2.74) | 0.005 | 1.82 (1.19–2.78) | 0.005 | |
| Ocular comorbidities | |||||||
| Cataract | No | 529 (1.55%) | 33,580 (98.45%) | REF | REF | ||
| Yes | 207 (2.66%) | 7,588 (97.34%) | 1.73 (1.47–2.04) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.23–1.78) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetic Retinopathy | No | 667 (1.67%) | 39,299 (98.33%) | REF | REF | ||
| Yes | 69 (3.56%) | 1,869 (96.44%) | 2.18 (1.69–2.80) | <0.001 | 1.28 (0.91–1.81) | 0.153 | |
| Macular Degeneration | No | 656 (1.65%) | 39,186 (98.35%) | REF | REF | ||
| Yes | 80 (3.88%) | 1,982 (96.12%) | 2.41 (1.90–3.05) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.25–2.40) | 0.001 | |
| ANA prior to PACG | |||||||
| Yes | 204 (1.26%) | 16,024 (98.74%) | REF | REF | |||
| No | 532 (2.07%) | 25,144 (97.93%) | 1.66 (1.41–1.96) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.39–1.94) | <0.001 | |
ANA = anatomic narrow angle; CI = confidence interval; N = number of patients; OR = odds ratio; FFS = fee-for-service; PACG = primary angle closure glaucoma.
Statistically significant multivariable p-values and odds ratios with OR ≥ 1.20 and p ≤ 0.01 are bolded.
Multivariable analyses were adjusted for ocular comorbidities (cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration).