Table 2.
Associations of urine biomarkers of kidney health with coronary artery calcification, plaque and stenosis in cross-sectional substudy of MACS
| Minimally adjusted* | Fully adjusted** | Fully adjusted, among MWH*** | Fully adjusted, among men without HIV** | Interaction between biomarker and HIV | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome: CAC Prevalence (Agatston score >0) (n=504) | |||||
| Prevalence Ratio per two-fold higher biomarker concentration (95% CI) | p-value for biomarker*HIV | ||||
| Albumin | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 1.05 (1.00–1.09) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 0.05 |
| A1M | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 0.18 |
| KIM1 | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 1.03 (0.92–1.14) | 0.05 |
| PIIINP | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 1.04 (0.86–1.25) | 0.13 |
| Outcome: CAC extent (Log of Agatston score + 1) (n=504) | |||||
| Fold DIfference per two-fold higher biomarker (95% CI) | p-value for biomarker*HIV | ||||
| Albumin | 1.65 (1.37–1.99) | 1.35 (1.11–1.65) | 1.33 (1.07–1.65) | 1.41 (0.71–2.82) | 0.02 |
| A1M | 1.44 (1.12–1.86) | 1.20 (0.91–1.57) | 1.22 (0.91–1.62) | 1.27 (0.53–3.04) | 0.04 |
| KIM1 | 1.20 (0.92–1.58) | 0.96 (0.74–1.25) | 0.78 (0.57–1.07) | 1.30 (0.73–2.31) | 0.02 |
| PIIINP | 1.17 (0.87–1.56) | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | 0.91 (0.66–1.25) | 1.31 (0.58–2.94) | 0.11 |
| Outcome: Coronary artery plaque score (n = 298) | |||||
| Fold DIfference per two-fold higher biomarker (95% CI) | p-value for biomarker*HIV | ||||
| Albumin | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 1.06 (1.00–1.14) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) | 0.13 |
| A1M | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 1.00 (0.94–1.08) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.49 |
| KIM1 | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 0.46 |
| PIIINP | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 1.00 (0.90–1.10) | 1.00 (0.83–1.22) | 0.31 |
| Outcome: Total segment stenosis >50% (n=298) | |||||
| Fold DIfference per two-fold higher biomarker (95% CI) | p-value for biomarker*HIV | ||||
| Albumin | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) | 1.07 (1.00–1.15) | 1.02 (0.83–1.25) | 0.11 |
| A1M | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 0.91 (0.75–1.10) | 0.32 |
| KIM1 | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 1.00 (0.86–1.15) | 0.33 |
| PIIINP | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 0.97 (0.80–1.18) | 0.37 |
MWH, men with HIV; A1M, alpha 1 microglobulin; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule 1; PIIINP, procollagen III, N-terminal propeptide
study center and enrollment cohort (dichotomized by prior to 2001), sociodemographic factors (age, race (categorized into White, Black and Other due to small numbers in the non-white and non-black categories), and Hispanic ethnicity), and urine creatinine;
history of hypertension, history of diabetes, and history of dyslipidemia, SBP, A1c, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and medications (ACEi/ARB, lipid-lowering, antidiabetic), BMI, and pack-years of tobacco smoking ); HIV serostatus and other comorbidities (HCV), and eGFR (CKD-Epi, race-free).
additionally adjusted for HIV disease course for MWH (Cumulative HAART years, History of AIDS, current HIV viral load, current CD4, currently on HAART)
Bolded values indicate statistical significance at p<0.05