Table 3.

Quality assessment of the three Mendelian randomization assumptions for studies reporting associations for lifestyle-related and other exposures at p > 0.05

					MR Assumption
Exposure	Study	Effect of exposure on outcome (per SD increase)	p-value		1	2/3
						MR Egger performed	Support
Sleep
Insomnia	24 (40)	1.22 (1.15 – 1.30)	8.05E-10		++	++	++
Sleep duration	24 (40)	0.99 (0.99 – 1.00)	2.75E-02		++	++	++
Short sleep duration	24 (40)	1.04 (1.02 – 1.07)	2.20E-03		++	++	++
Smoking
Lifetime smoking	10 (21)	2.23 (1.85 – 2.68)	1.24E-17		++	++	++
Smoking quantity (# cigs)	18 (41)	0.84 (0.74 – 0.96)	0.008		++	++	++
Smoking behavior	20 (42)	0.94 (0.90 – 0.99)	0.035		+	++	+
Education
Education (yrs schooling)	15 (43)	0.95 (0.91 – 0.97)	NP		++	++	++
Education (yrs schooling)	37 (26)	0.78 (0.60 – 1.00)	0.048		++	++	+
Education (yrs schooling)	45 (14)	0.84 (0.73 – 0.95)	0.007		++	0	+
Educational attainment	10 (21)	0.59 (0.54 – 0.64)	3.08E-37		++	++	++
Coffee
Coffee consumption	19 (44)	1.46 (1.04 – 2.04)	0.025		+	++	0
Coffee consumption	39 (45)	1.01 (1.00 – 1.02)*	0.006		++	++	++
Coffee consumption	25 (46)	1.23 (1.11 – 1.35)	4.46E-05		++	++	++
Other
Bone mineral density	9 (20)	1.18 (1.04 – 1.35)	2.92E-08		++	++	++
Bone mineral density	12 (18)	1.27 (1.03 – 1.55)	0.024		++	++	+
Ischemic stroke	3 (47)	1.03 (1.00 – 1.07)	0.036		++	++	+
Major depression	1 (48)	1.21 (1.15 – 1.28)	2.67E-13		++	0	+
Major depressive disorder	38 (49)	1.27 (1.18 – 1.37)	2.36E-08		++	0	+
Gut microbiota	35 (50)	NP	< 0.05		+	++	+
Plasma ADAMTS5 levels	40 (16)	0.98 (0.97 – 0.99)	0.005		++	0	++
Social isolation	41 (51)	1.20 (1.10 – 1.31)	NP		++	++	++

^*effect size reported for a 1% increase in coffee consumption.

See footnote in Table 1 and 2 for assessment of MR assumptions.