Table 2.
Percent changes in repeated urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations by maternal characteristics, estimated using linear mixed effect models in the Atlanta African American Maternal-Child Cohort, 2016 – 2020 (N=126).
| Characteristic | N | MEP | MBP | MBzP | MiBP | MECPP | MEHHP | MEHP | MEOHP | ΣDEHP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Enrollment (years) | ||||||||||
| 18 - 25 | 73 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| 26 - 30 | 21 | −2.96 (−40.55, 58.41) | −20.55 (−45.25, 15.30) | 2.02 (−26.89, 42.36) | −39.95 (−60.98, −7.58) | −29.53 (−54.21, 8.46) | −46.74 (−61.83, −25.68) | −37.50 (−55.21, −12.79) | −21.34 (−39.03, 1.49) | −28.82 (−45.90, −6.35) |
| 31 - 35 | 19 | 15.03 (−30.90, 91.48) | 0 (−32.43, 47.99) | 15.03 (−19.17, 63.69) | −18.94 (−48.36, 27.23) | 46.23 (−6.84, 129.52) | 29.69 (−7.06, 80.98) | 29.69 (−7.06, 80.98) | 11.63 (−13.48, 44.02) | 25.86 (−4.34, 65.6) |
| 36 - 40 | 13 | −14.79 (−52.67, 53.42) | −20.55 (−49.38, 24.71) | −2.96 (−35.70, 46.46) | −49.34 (−70.16, −14.00) | 15.03 (−32.24, 95.27) | 3.05 (−30.37, 52.50) | 5.13 (−28.97, 55.58) | 0 (−26.92, 36.83) | 3.05 (−26.15, 43.79) |
| Marital Status | ||||||||||
| Married or Cohabitating | 49 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Single | 77 | −6.76 (−35.75, 35.31) | 6.18 (−19.30, 39.71) | 7.25 (−16.87, 38.38) | 37.71 (−1.31, 92.17) | 23.37 (−11.59, 72.15) | 15.03 (−10.85, 48.41) | 15.03 (−10.85, 48.41) | 13.88 (−6.39, 38.54) | 13.88 (−6.39, 38.54) |
| Education Level | ||||||||||
| <Higli School | 17 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| High School | 52 | −4.88 (−45.05, 64.67) | −42.31 (−61.02, −14.62) | 7.25 (−27.53, 58.72) | −2.96 (−40.55, 58.41) | −18.13 (−49.84, 33.64) | −15.63 (−42.99, 24.86) | −16.47 (−42.44, 21.22) | −6.76 (−29.14, 22.68) | −11.31 (−33.90, 19.01) |
| Some College | 35 | −1.00 (−45.01, 78.25) | −39.35 (−60.59, −6.65) | 2.02 (−32.40, 53.97) | −17.30 (−50.32, 37.66) | 6.18 (−37.45, 80.25) | 4.08 (−31.04, 57.08) | 12.75 (−23.81, 66.86) | 3.05 (−23.20, 38.26) | 8.33 (−20.83, 48.23) |
| College or Graduate School | 22 | −1.00 (−48.15, 89.04) | −56.83 (−73.03, −30.90) | 1.01 (−35.65, 58.53) | −44.57 (−68.60, −2.14) | −25.92 (−58.04, 30.79) | −35.60 (−58.97, 1.09) | −31.61 (−55.57, 5.25) | −24.42 (−45.84, 5.46) | −28.11 (−49.48, 2.31) |
| Income-to-poverty Ratio | ||||||||||
| >132% | 49 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≤132% | 77 | −4.88 (−33.16, 35.36) | 32.31 (0.56, 74.09) | 1.01 (−21.71, 30.32) | 29.69 (−5.22, 77.46) | 20.92 (−11.63, 65.47) | 13.88 (−11.73, 46.93) | 10.52 (−14.34, 42.59) | 7.25 (−11.84, 30.47) | 10.52 (−9.15, 34.45) |
| Recent Personal Use of Alcohol, Tobacco, or Marijuana | ||||||||||
| None | 69 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Any | 57 | 43.33 (0.72, 103.97) | 46.23 (13.34, 88.66) | 7.25 (−15.23, 35.69) | 40.49 (2.68, 92.24) | 27.12 (−7.10, 73.95) | 10.52 (−14.34, 42.59) | 15.03 (−9.08, 45.53) | 10.52 (−7.36, 31.84) | 13.88 (−6.39, 38.54) |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | ||||||||||
| <18.5 | 3 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| 18.5 – 24.99 | 53 | 24.61 (−61.56, 303.9) | 34.99 (−45.21, 232.54) | 73.33 (−22.40, 287.13) | −39.35 (−78.54, 71.39) | −43.45 (−80.38, 62.97) | −26.66 (−68.42, 70.37) | −26.66 (−67.80, 67.06) | −41.14 (−67.94, 8.07) | −34.30 (−66.26, 27.94) |
| 25.0 – 29.99 | 32 | 18.53 (−64.14, 291.81) | 31.00 (−47.86, 229.1) | 118.15 (−4.23, 396.89) | −10.42 (−68.91, 158.16) | −33.63 (−77.42, 95.03) | −22.89 (−67.45, 82.65) | −19.75 (−64.77, 82.80) | −39.95 (−67.93, 12.43) | −32.29 (−65.23, 31.84) |
| ≥30 | 38 | 11.63 (−66.23, 268.99) | 36.34 (−44.66, 235.89) | 69.89 (−23.94, 279.47) | −13.93 (−70.13, 148.04) | −53.70 (−83.93, 33.43) | −33.63 (−71.43, 54.16) | −33.63 (−70.86, 51.16) | −42.31 (−68.58, 5.93) | −39.35 (−68.85, 18.10) |
| Parity | ||||||||||
| 0 | 54 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| 1 | 36 | −18.13 (−45.75, 23.57) | −25.92 (−45.86, 1.37) | 24.61 (−7.13, 67.20) | 6.18 (−26.83, 54.10) | −15.63 (−41.86, 22.43) | −28.82 (−46.95, −4.50) | −28.11 (−46.42, −3.54) | −18.94 (−34.66, 0.56) | −19.75 (−36.57, 1.53) |
| ≥2 | 36 | −36.87 (−60.56, 1.05) | −3.92 (−33.79, 39.43) | 5.13 (−24.66, 46.70) | 40.49 (−8.72, 116.24) | 49.18 (−3.07, 129.61) | 19.72 (−14.20, 67.06) | 22.14 (−12.47, 70.44) | 13.88 (−11.73, 46.93) | 23.37 (−6.24, 62.32) |
| Hospital | ||||||||||
| Emory University Hospital Midtown | 52 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Grady Memorial Hospital | 74 | 16.18 (−18.36, 65.33) | 44.77 (12.21, 86.79) | 11.63 (−13.48, 44.02) | 49.18 (9.02, 104.13) | 33.64 (−2.33, 82.87) | 22.14 (−5.33, 57.59) | 17.35 (−9.04, 51.41) | 7.25 (−11.84, 30.47) | 12.75 (−7.32, 37.16) |
| Medical Insurance | ||||||||||
| Medicaid | 100 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Private | 26 | 10.52 (−28.19, 70.10) | −25.17 (−46.38, 4.41) | 2.02 (−23.97,36.89) | −46.21 (−62.93, −21.93) | −34.30 (−55.60, −2.76) | −15.63 (−38.34, 15.44) | −17.30 (−38.37, 10.96) | −10.42 (−29.19, 13.34) | −15.63 (−33.32, 6.74) |
| Infant Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 63 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Female | 63 | −1.00 (−30.43, 40.89) | −2.96 (−26.24, 27.69) | 7.25 (−16.87, 38.38) | 4.08 (−23.94, 42.42) | 5.13 (−23.17, 43.85) | 12.75 (−12.61, 45.47) | 6.18 (−17.70, 37.00) | 10.52 (−7.36, 31.84) | 8.33 (−10.95, 31.78) |
Abbreviations: GM, geometric mean; GSD, geometric standard deviation; mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP).
Note: DEHP calculated as the molar sum of MEHP, MEHHP, MECPP, and MEOHP. All models adjusted for urinary creatinine and gestational age at sample collection, and included a random intercept for participant ID.