Table 3.
Percent change in repeated serum inflammatory biomarker concentrations by maternal characteristics, estimated using linear mixed effect models in Atlanta African American Maternal-Child Cohort, 2016 – 2020 (N=126).
| Characteristic | N | C-Reactive Protein | Interferon-γ | Interleukin-6 | Interleukin-10 | Tumor Necrosis Factor-α |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Enrollment (years) | ||||||
| 18 - 25 | 73 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| 26 - 30 | 21 | −11.31 (−49.76, 56.58) | 16.18 (−18.36, 65.33) | 1.01 (−24.72, 35.53) | −15.63 (−34.61, 8.85) | −1.00 (−17.01, 18.10) |
| 31 - 35 | 19 | 49.18 (−17.14, 168.59) | 23.37 (−14.99, 79.03) | 18.53 (−13.38, 62.19) | −10.42 (−31.91, 17.87) | 17.35 (−1.63, 39.99) |
| 36 - 40 | 13 | 2.02 (−48.62, 102.59) | 37.71 (−10.52, 111.95) | 31.00 (−9.73, 90.10) | −5.82 (−31.17, 28.87) | 7.25 (−13.55, 33.06) |
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Married or Cohabitating | 49 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Single | 77 | −9.52 (−40.05, 36.56) | −19.75 (−39.01, 5.59) | −18.13 (−34.01, 1.57) | 16.18 (−4.50, 41.34) | 6.18 (−5.60, 19.43) |
| Education Level | ||||||
| <High School | 17 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| High School | 52 | 153.45 (38.04, 365.34) | −4.88 (−36.97, 43.56) | 9.42 (−21.59, 52.68) | 1.01 (−24.72, 35.53) | −1.00 (−18.62, 20.44) |
| Some College | 35 | 37.71 (−27.88, 162.95) | −3.92 (−37.57, 47.88) | 6.18 (−25.38, 51.10) | −16.47 (−38.96, 14.29) | −1.00 (−18.62, 20.44) |
| College or Graduate School | 22 | 185.77 (41.11, 478.69) | 10.52 (−30.95, 76.90) | 32.31 (−10.60, 95.81) | 4.08 (−25.41, 45.24) | −1.00 (−20.20, 22.83) |
| Income-to-poverty Ratio | ||||||
| >132% | 49 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ≤132% | 77 | 9.42 (−27.50, 65.14) | 3.05 (−21.68, 35.58) | −10.42 (−27.79, 11.14) | 8.33 (−10.95, 31.78) | −1.00 (−11.98, 11.36) |
| Recent Personal Use of Alcohol, Tobacco, or Marijuana | ||||||
| None | 69 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Any | 57 | −40.55 (−59.83, −12.01) | −6.76 (−27.73, 20.30) | −9.52 (−27.06, 12.25) | −10.42 (−24.90, 6.87) | 2.02 (−9.30, 14.75) |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <18.5 | 3 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| 18.5 – 24.99 | 53 | −3.92 (−72.59, 236.83) | 37.71 (−42.99, 232.68) | 37.71 (−32.00, 178.88) | 69.89 (−7.47, 211.93) | 32.31 (−12.33, 99.69) |
| 25.0 – 29.99 | 32 | 97.39 (−44.79, 605.69) | 11.63 (−53.79, 169.66) | 55.27 (−23.33, 214.43) | 47.70 (−21.12, 176.54) | 50.68 (−0.16, 127.41) |
| ≥30 | 38 | 191.54 (−16.84, 922.05) | 32.31 (−45.23, 219.63) | 111.70 (4.54, 328.71) | 27.12 (−30.76, 133.40) | 31.00 (−13.20, 97.70) |
| Parity | ||||||
| 0 | 54 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| 1 | 36 | 6.18 (−34.95, 73.33) | 6.18 (−22.40, 45.30) | 12.75 (−12.61, 45.47) | 1.01 (−20.16, 27.79) | −1.00 (−15.36, 15.81) |
| ≥2 | 36 | −6.76 (−47.19, 64.61) | 12.75 (−22.31, 63.62) | −18.13 (−38.98, 9.86) | −3.92 (−25.53, 23.96) | −3.92 (−19.46, 14.61) |
| Hospital | ||||||
| Emory University Hospital Midtown | 52 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Grady Memorial Hospital | 74 | −20.55 (−47.36, 19.91) | −9.52 (−31.23, 19.05) | −16.47 (−32.67, 3.62) | 11.63 (−8.24, 35.80) | 8.33 (−3.69, 21.85) |
| Medical Insurance | ||||||
| Medicaid | 100 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Private | 26 | 44.77 (−11.31, 136.32) | 25.86 (−8.02, 72.22) | 13.88 (−13.45, 49.84) | 1.01 (−20.16, 27.79) | −4.88 (−18.68, 11.27) |
| Infant Sex | ||||||
| Male | 63 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Female | 63 | −9.52 (−40.05, 36.56) | 15.03 (−10.85, 48.41) | −4.88 (−23.33, 18.01) | −19.75 (−32.73, −4.27) | −2.96 (−13.72, 9.16) |
Abbreviations: GM, geometric mean; GSD, geometric standard deviation.
Note: Associations estimated with linear mixed effect regression and interpreted as the percent change in a serum inflammatory biomarker by maternal characteristic. All models adjusted for urinary creatinine and gestational age at sample collection, and included a random intercept for participant ID.