Table 1.
Cohort characteristics.
| Characteristic | All Subjects n = 1133 |
Survived to discharge n = 277 |
Non-Brain Death n = 1018 |
Brain Death n = 115 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean SD | 58 (± 16) | 57 (± 17) | 60 (± 16) | 43 (± 15) |
| Female sex | 457 (68%) | 110 (40%) | 400 (39%) | 57 (50%) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 822 (73%) | 204 (74%) | 740 (73%) | 82 (71%) |
| Black | 123 (11%) | 47 (17%) | 112 (11%) | 11 (10%) |
| Asian | 6 (0.5%) | 2 (0.5%) | 5 (0.5%) | 1 (0.9%) |
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 8 (0.5%) | 2 (0.5%) | 8 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Unknown | 174 (15%) | 22 (8%) | 153 (15%) | 21 (18%) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 2 (0.1%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.09%) | 1 (0.9%) |
| Non-Hispanic or Latino | 895 (79%) | 223 (81%) | 802 (79%) | 93 (81%) |
| Unknown | 236 (21%) | 53 (19%) | 215 (21%) | 21 (18%) |
| Cardiac etiology | 301 (26%) | 126 (45%) | 293 (29%) | 8 (7%) |
| ACS | 147 (13%) | 66 (24%) | 143 (14%) | 4 (3%) |
| Intrinsic dysrhythmia | 28 (2%) | 16 (6%) | 26 (3%) | 2 (2%) |
| Dysrhythmia secondary to cardiomyopathy | 76 (7%) | 36 (13%) | 76 (7%) | 0 (0%) |
| Structural heart disease | 3 (0.3%) | 2 (0.7%) | 3 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) |
| LV failure | 12 (1%) | 1 (0.4%) | 12 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
| RV failure | 35 (3%) | 5 (2%) | 33 (3%) | 2 (2%) |
| Initial rhythm | ||||
| VT/VF | 321 (28%) | 145 (52%) | 310 (30%) | 11 (10%) |
| PEA | 341 (30%) | 68 (25%) | 312 (31%) | 29 (25%) |
| Asystole | 397 (35%) | 48 (17%) | 334 (33%) | 63 (55%) |
| Unknown | 74 (7%) | 16 (6%) | 62 (6%) | 12 (10%) |
| Witnessed status | ||||
| Unwitnessed | 319 (28%) | 48 (17%) | 257 (25%) | 62 (54%) |
| Layperson witnessed | 547 (48%) | 143 (52%) | 509 (50%) | 38 (33%) |
| EMS witnessed | 152 (13%) | 39 (14%) | 142 (14%) | 10 (9%) |
| In ED arrest | 115 (10%) | 47 (17%) | 110 (11%) | 5 (4%) |
| CPR duration, median IQR | 20 [11–34] | 13 [7–20] | 20 [11–32] | 32 [19–41] |
| Defibrillator shocks, median IQR | 0 [0–2] | 1 [0–3] | 0 [0–2] | 0 [0–1] |
| Epinephrine, median IQR | 3 [2–5] | 2 [0–3] | 3 [2–5] | 4 [3–6] |
| Pittsburgh cardiac arrest category | ||||
| II | 254 (22%) | 159 (57%) | 248 (24%) | 6 (5%) |
| III | 108 (10%) | 44 (16%) | 107 (11%) | 1 (0.9%) |
| IV | 692 (61%) | 49 (18%) | 588 (58%) | 104 (90%) |
| Unknown | 79 (7%) | 25 (9%) | 75 (7%) | 4 (3%) |
| Initial FOUR motor score, median IQR | 0 [0–3] | 2 [0–3] | 0 [0–3] | 0 [0–0] |
| Hours from arrest to CT, median IQR | 4.2 [2.8–5.7] | 3.7 [2.1–5.4] | 4.2 [2.8–5.7] | 4.5 [3.3–5.6] |
| GWR, median IQR | 1.30 [1.22–1.37] | 1.30 [1.35–1.40] | 1.31 [1.24–1.37] | 1.22 [0.96–1.54] |
| Sulcal effacement | 229 (20%) | 3 (1%) | 137 (13%) | 92 (80%) |
| Basal cistern effacement | 121 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 56 (6%) | 65 (57%) |
| HU variance, median IQR | 92 [82–104] | 94 [85–107] | 93 [83–105] | 83 [75–95] |
| Difference between mixture model means, median IQR | 11.1 [9.4–12.6] | 11.1 [9.7–12.9] | 11.1 [9.4–12.7] | 10.9 [9.1–12.4] |
| Awakened in hospital | 265 (23%) | 44 (16%) | 265 (26%) | 0 (0%) |
CPR – Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; FOUR – Full Outline of UnResponsiveness; CT – Computed Tomography; GWR – Grey-White Matter Ratio