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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jan 18.
Published in final edited form as: Health Place. 2024 Jan 19;85:103177. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103177

Table 4.

Multilevel logistic regression results for small-for-gestational-age birth among Black mothers (n = 1,539,517 births).

County measures Separately modeled
OR (95% CI)		 Jointly modeled OR
(95% CI)
Black physicians (per 1000 Black residents) 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) 0.98 (0.94, 1.03)
Black residents in primary care shortage area (10%) 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) 1.00 (1.00, 1.01)
Black uninsurance rate, adults aged 18–44 (10%) 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) 0.99 (0.97, 1.02)
Sufficiency of publicly-funded contraceptives (10%) 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) 1.01 (1.00, 1.02)
Public health expenditures ($100 per resident) 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) 1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

Note. Bold font indicates statistical significance at p < .05. Estimates adjusted for maternal age, parity, infant sex, and the following county variables: urban-rural classifications, Black population share, Black-White spatial exposure/isolation index, poverty rate among Black persons aged 15 to 44, median household income for total population, per capita primary care physicians, and hospital beds.