Table 1.
Characteristics of Men in the DPPOS at Year 15 by ED status (N=568)
| Overall (n=568) | ED (n=218) | No ED (n=350) | p-value | age-adjusted p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group assignment | 0.60 | ||||||||
| Placebo (%) | 182 (32%) | 74 (33.9%) | 108 (30.9%) | ref | ref | ||||
| Metformin (%) | 206 (36.3%) | 80 (36.7%) | 126 (36%) | 0.71 | 0.63 | ||||
| Lifestyle (%) | 180 (31.7%) | 64 (29.4%) | 116 (33.1%) | 0.32 | 0.33 | ||||
| Sociodemographics | |||||||||
| Age (years) | 71.0 ± 9.3 | 74.5 ± 9 | 68.8 ± 8.8 | <0.001 | -- | ||||
| Race/ethnicity (%) | <0.001 | ||||||||
| White | 314 (55.3%) | 144 (66.1%) | 170 (48.6%) | ref | ref | ||||
| African American | 90 (15.8%) | 24 (11%) | 66 (18.9%) | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| Hispanic | 102 (18%) | 31 (14.2%) | 71 (20.3%) | 0.006 | 0.01 | ||||
| Native American/Asian | 62 (10.9%) | 19 (8.7%) | 43 (12.3%) | 0.03 | 0.35 | ||||
| Marital Status (%) | 0.30 | ||||||||
| Never married | 62 (10.9%) | 20 (9.2%) | 42 (12%) | ref | ref | ||||
| Living together/Married | 439 (77.3%) | 176 (80.7%) | 263 (75.1%) | 0.24 | 0.80 | ||||
| Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 67 (11.8%) | 22 (10.1%) | 45 (12.9%) | 0.94 | 0.28 | ||||
| Clinical/Behavioral | |||||||||
| Current Smoking (%) | 9 (1.6%) | 4 (1.9%) | 5 (1.4%) | 0.735** | 0.32 | ||||
| Weekly Alcohol Use (%) | 209 (37.5%) | 67 (31.9%) | 142 (40.8%) | 0.04 | 0.06 | ||||
| General Health (%) | 0.004 | ||||||||
| Excellent/very good | 138 (24.3%) | 51 (23.5%) | 87 (24.9%) | ref | ref | ||||
| Good | 349 (61.6%) | 122 (56.2%) | 227 (64.9%) | 0.68 | 0.27 | ||||
| Fair/poor | 80 (14.1%) | 44 (20.3%) | 36 (10.3%) | 0.01 | 0.05 | ||||
| Depression (%) | 80 (14.9%) | 36 (18%) | 44 (13.1%) | 0.16 | 0.01 | ||||
| Physical Activity (MET/week) (year 12) | 20.6 ± 20.9 | 19.6 ± 20.8 | 21.2 ± 21 | 0.40 | 0.30 | ||||
| Summary mean Physical Activity (MET/week) | 22.2±17.3 | 22.3±17.4 | 21.2±15.3 | 0.440 | 0.85 | ||||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 30.7 ± 6 | 30.5 ± 5.7 | 30.8 ± 6.2 | 0.65 | 0.12 | ||||
| BMI <25 | 81 (14.2%) | 28 (15.4%) | 25 (12.1%) | 0.57 | 0.62 | ||||
| BMI 25+ | 489 (85.8%) | 154 (84.6%) | 181 (87.9%) | ||||||
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 108.7 ± 14.4 | 110.2 ± 13.4 | 107.7 ± 14.9 | 0.04 | 0.001 | ||||
| PDE5 Inhibitor use (%) | 12 (2.1%) | 12 (5.5%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Testosterone (pg/mL) | 3234.9 ± 1159.5 | 3200.9 ± 1077.4 | 3256.4 ± 1209.8 | 0.58 | 0.23 | ||||
| CVD Risk Factors | |||||||||
| JNC Hypertension Status (%) | 0.06 | ||||||||
| Hypertensive | 396 (73.9%) | 158 (79%) | 238 (70.8%) | 0.45 | 0.60 | ||||
| Prehypertensive | 77 (14.4%) | 20 (10%) | 57 (17%) | 0.25 | 0.29 | ||||
| Normotensive | 63 (11.8%) | 22 (11%) | 41 (12.2%) | ref | ref | ||||
| Blood Pressure (mm/Hg) | |||||||||
| Systolic | 123.1 ± 14.6 | 122.8 ± 14.1 | 123.3 ± 14.8 | 0.70 | 0.57 | ||||
| Diastolic | 72 ± 10.3 | 70.8 ± 10.6 | 72.7 ± 10 | 0.03 | 0.795 | ||||
| Antihypertensive use (%) | 381 (71.1%) | 154 (77%) | 227 (67.6%) | 0.03 | 0.05 | ||||
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 87.2 ± 30.6 | 85.5 ± 28.9 | 88.2 ± 31.5 | 0.32 | 0.73 | ||||
| Summary mean LDL | 99.7 ± 22.6 | 95.4 ± 22.3 | 102.5 ± 22.4 | <0.001 | 0.01 | ||||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49 ± 12.3 | 48.3 ± 12.4 | 49.4 ± 12.2 | 0.30 | 0.02 | ||||
| Summary mean HDL | 45.3 ± 9.7 | 44.8 ± 10.5 | 45.6 ± 9.1 | 0.33 | 0.03 | ||||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 126 ± 74.8 | 119.9 ± 60.4 | 129.7 ± 82.1 | 0.11 | 0.68 | ||||
| Summary mean triglycerides | 140.6 ± 65.4 | 138.2 ± 64.4 | 142.1 ± 66.1 | 0.49 | 0.45 | ||||
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 314 (55.3%) | 121 (55.5%) | 193 (55.1%) | 0.09 | 0.01 | ||||
| Peripheral and Autonomic Function | |||||||||
| MNSI questionnaire>4 or exam>2 | 268 (49.2%) | 118 (57.3%) | 150 (44.2%) | 0.004 | 0.11 | ||||
| MNSI questionnaire | 1 ± 1.4 | 1.2 ± 1.5 | 0.9 ± 1.4 | 0.02 | 0.08 | ||||
| MNSI questionnaire>4 | 20 (3.6%) | 9 (4.2%) | 11 (3.2%) | 0.68 | 0.60 | ||||
| Summary mean MNSI questionnaire | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 1 ± 1 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | 0.008 | 0.03 | ||||
| MNSI exam | 2.3 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 2.1 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | 0.01 | ||||
| MNSI exam>2 | 267 (49%) | 118 (57.3%) | 149 (44%) | 0.003 | 0.09 | ||||
| Summary mean MNSI exam | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 1 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.008 | ||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 63.5 ± 11.2 | 63.4 ± 11.1 | 63.6 ± 11.3 | 0.84 | 0.71 | ||||
| Summary mean heart rate (bpm) | 62.8 ± 8.5 | 62.2 ± 8.4 | 63.2 ± 8.6 | 0.17 | 0.75 | ||||
| QTI (%) | 102.6 ± 5.7 | 103.7 ± 7 | 101.9 ± 4.7 | 0.001 | 0.02 | ||||
| Summary mean QTI (%) | 100.6 ± 3.7 | 101.3 ± 4.1 | 100.2 ± 3.3 | <0.001 | 0.01 | ||||
| SDNN (ms) | 26.4 ± 21.6 | 23 ± 16.2 | 28.4 ± 24 | 0.003 | 0.05 | ||||
| Abnormal SDNN (%) | 18 (3.8%) | 6 (3.5%) | 12 (3.9%) | 0.99 | 0.47 | ||||
| Summary mean SDNN (ms) | 13.1 ± 5.8 | 12.9 ± 5.3 | 13.3 ± 6.2 | 0.46 | 0.92 | ||||
| RMSD (ms) | 25 ± 23.3 | 23.1 ± 20.7 | 26.2 ± 24.7 | 0.14 | 0.29 | ||||
| Abnormal RMSD (%) | 25 (5.2%) | 9 (5.2%) | 16 (5.3%) | 1.00 | 0.71 | ||||
| Summary mean RMSD (ms) | 24.4 ± 14.2 | 24.3 ± 13.9 | 24.4 ± 14.4 | 0.94 | 0.96 | ||||
| Diabetes | |||||||||
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 128.6 ± 35.4 | 129.4 ± 40.2 | 128.1 ± 32.1 | 0.70 | 0.16 | ||||
| Summary mean fasting glucose | 118.8 ± 20.4 | 118.9 ± 21.7 | 118.7 ± 19.6 | 0.92 | 0.23 | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 6.5 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 1.6 | 6.5 ± 1.3 | 0.85 | 0.23 | ||||
| Summary mean HbA1c | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 0.79 | 0.23 | ||||
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 30.8 ± 25.5 | 32.5 ± 32.1 | 29.8 ± 20.5 | 0.29 | 0.23* | ||||
| Summary mean fasting insulin | 30.4 ± 16.0 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 0.85 | 0.43* | ||||
| HOMA-IR | 10.0±10.0 | 9.7±7.1 | 10.8±13.5 | 0.27 | 0.01 | ||||
| Summary mean HOMA-IR | 8.8±5.4 | 8.7±5.0 | 8.9±6.0 | 0.80 | 0.10 | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes (%) | 391 (68.8%) | 145 (66.5%) | 246 (70.3%) | 0.40 | 0.84 | ||||
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 7.9 ± 7.1 | 8.1 ± 7.4 | 7.7 ± 7 | 0.48 | 0.35 | ||||
| Medication use*** | 306 (53.9%) | 120 (55.1%) | 186 (53.1%) | 0.66 | 0.08 | ||||
| Metformin | 267 (50.5%) | 101 (50.8%) | 166 (50.3%) | 0.92 | 0.14 | ||||
| Sulfonylureas | 14 (5.1%) | 5 (4.9%) | 9 (5.2%) | 0.90 | 0.96 | ||||
| Insulin | 8 (3.0%) | 6 (5.8%) | 2 (1.2%) | 0.06** | 0.02 | ||||
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 4 (1.5%) | 2 (2.0) | 2 (2.0) | 0.63** | 0.65 | ||||
| GLP-1 receptor antagonists | 3 (1.1%) | 1 (1.0%) | 2 (1.2%) | 1.00** | 0.76 | ||||
| Thiazolidinediones | 9 (3.3%) | 4 (3.9%) | 5 (3.0%) | 0.73** | 0.82 | ||||
| Meglitinides | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.38** | 0.15 | ||||
| Diabetes Complications | |||||||||
| Nephropathy | 160 (28.3%) | 75 (34.4%) | 85 (24.3%) | 0.009 | 0.07 | ||||
| eGFR | 77.7±18.2 | 73.9±19.7 | 80.2±16.9 | <0.001 | 0.33 | ||||
| eGFR < 45 | 28 (4.9%) | 18 (8.3%) | 10 (2.9%) | 0.004 | 0.15 | ||||
| Summary mean eGFR | 86.0±14.2 | 82.8±15.5 | 88.0±13.0 | <0.001 | 0.37 | ||||
| Retinopathy | 75 (13.2%) | 32 (14.7%) | 43 (12.3%) | 0.41 | 0.36 | ||||
Note: Summary mean measures represent 15-year mean values from DPPOS baseline to DPPOS year 15
*
p-value based on differences in log of mean values
**
Fisher’s Exact test
***
Medication use is any diabetes medication use. All p-values shown use “no medication use” as the reference group. Abbreviations: DPPOS= Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, ED= erectile dysfunction, MET=metabolic equivalent of task, BMI= body mass index, PDE5=Phosphodiesterase 5, JNC= Joint National Committee, LDL= low density lipoprotein, HDL= high density lipoprotein, MNSI= Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument, QTI= individualized QT interval, SDNN=standard deviation of NN intervals, RMSD= root mean square of successive RR interval differences, HbA1c= hemoglobin A1C, HOMA-IR=Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, DPP-4= Dipeptidyl peptidase 4, GLP-1= Glucagon-like peptide-1