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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 8.
Published in final edited form as: Res High Educ. 2022 Jun 30;64(2):260–299. doi: 10.1007/s11162-022-09706-7

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Horizontal and Vertical Course Repetitions in Mathematics. Figure shows names and course numbers for 12 types of college-level math offered at public institutions of higher education in Texas. Horizontal repetition occurs when students complete an introductory math course and then enroll in a different introductory math course (i.e., it only occurs among introductory coursework). Vertical repetition occurs when students repeat a math course in the same sequence (repeating the same specific course or one earlier in the same sequence).